Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of the neuropeptides VIP, PHM and substance P (SP) on vascular smooth muscle tone, K+ secretion from exocrine elements and tissue content of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the human submandibular gland were studied in vitro. All three peptides caused relaxation of noradrenaline contracted human submandibular arteries at nM concentrations. SP was slightly more active than VIP and PHM which had a similar potency as vasodilators. Only carbachol but not VIP, PHM or SP stimulated K+ secretion from exocrine elements of the human submandibular gland. Principally similar in vitro effects on K+ secretion were obtained on the cat submandibular gland, but in the rat not only carbachol but also SP stimulated K+ secretion. VIP and PHM increased cAMP production of exocrine elements in the human submandibular gland in nM concentrations. VIP was about 5-fold more potent than PHM with regards to cAMP production. In conclusion, VIP, PHM and SP relaxed human submandibular arteries in vitro. Both VIP and PHM stimulated cAMP production in glandular tissue but none of the three peptides induced K+ secretion from human submandibular gland tissue. This suggests that, in contrast to the situation in the rat, SP does not cause watery salivation in man, while VIP and PHM may modulate protein e.g. amylase content of the saliva.
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PMID:Effects of VIP, PHM and substance P on blood vessels and secretory elements of the human submandibular gland. 242 7

In addition to classical cholinergic and adrenergic neural mechanisms, a third division of autonomic control has been recognised in human airways. Non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves are the dominant inhibitory neural pathway in human airway smooth muscle and there is increasing evidence that VIP and a related peptide, PHM, may be the neurotransmitters. These peptides are probably cotransmitters of acetylcholine in the airways and may modulate cholinergic effects. A defect in this system could occur in asthma because inflammation may more rapidly inactivate these neurotransmitter peptides. Non-cholinergic excitatory nerves have also been described in animal airways, although their existence in human airways is less certain. The neurotransmitter may be substance P or a related peptide neurokinin A, which could be released by axon reflex. Another peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, is colocalized with substance P and appears to be much more potent in human airways. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic mechanisms may also regulate mucus secretion and the bronchial microvasculature. The role of this nervous system in health and disease is still uncertain as there are no specific blockers available.
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PMID:Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neural control of human airways. 242 61

Specimens obtained by transurethral sphincterectomy from patients with spinal cord injury and carcinoma of the bladder were studied immunohistochemically. In the smooth muscle region of the sphincter, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P- and somatostatin-immunoreactive fluorescent, varicose nerve fibers were seen. In the striated muscle region, VIP-immunoreactive nerves were found around striated muscle fibers and bundles, while somatostatin- and substance P-immunoreactive nerves were confined to nerve bundles. In both the smooth and striated muscle regions of the intrinsic external urethral sphincter, VIP-immunoreactive nerves were seen around blood vessels. No differences were observed in the immunohistochemical localization of these peptide-containing nerves in the two groups of patients. No immunofluorescence for [Met]enkephalin, bombesin, neurotensin or serotonin was found in any nerves in the urethra.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, somatostatin- and substance P-immunoreactive nerves in the smooth and striated muscle of the intrinsic external urethral sphincter of patients with spinal cord injury. 242 76

Tissue peptide concentrations of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, substance P and cholecystokinin were measured by radioimmunoassay in undivided cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of spinal cords from female Sprague Dawley rats either non pregnant or sacrificed at day 7, 14, 21, and 22 of pregnancy. Non pregnant animals showed for all peptides significant decreasing sacro-cervical gradients of tissue concentrations. Pregnancy was associated with significant rises of immunoreactive somatostatin concentration at the sacral level, and of immunoreactive VIP in the four segments tested. Peak values were recorded between day 14 and day 21, with a brisk decrease of VIP, but not of somatostatin, concentration on day 22. Sacrocervical gradients followed a biphasic increase, reaching a maximum on day 22. The concentrations of immunoreactive substance P and cholecystokinin remained stable throughout pregnancy. The present results suggest that the somatostatinergic and VIPergic structures stored in, or projecting to, the sacral autonomic nuclei are involved in the control of the anatomical and/or physiological modifications of the female genital tract during pregnancy.
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PMID:Pregnancy-induced increase of spinal cord peptide concentrations in rats. 242 16

Peptides which are possibly related to the non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic division of the autonomic nervous system have been identified by immunofluorescence in the digestive system of mature sheep. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, and bombesin-like immunoreactivity were localized in neural elements throughout the ovine gastrointestinal tract (g.i.t.). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (VIP-l.i.) was demonstrable in the submaxillary, parotid and the sublingual salivary glands close to small blood vessels and the acini. VIP-l.i. was also demonstrable in the upper oesophagus in connective tissue near small blood vessels. In the forestomachs, abomasum, and small and large intestines reactive fibres were present in the mucosa, submucosa, smooth muscle layers and the plexuses. The plexuses also contained reactive nerve cell bodies. VIP-reactive fibres were found in the pancreas, the gall bladder and the common bile and pancreatic duct but were not found in the intestinal mesentery, portal vein, and liver tissue. Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-l.i.) was demonstrable in nerve fibres in all the layers of the g.i.t. and in nerve cell bodies in the gut plexuses. The pancreas and the gall bladder also contained a few scattered fibres. Additionally, SP-l.i. was present in open-type endocrine cells throughout the mucosa of the small and large intestines but no SP-l.i. was found in the salivary glands or the oesophagus. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity (B-l.i.) was associated with nerve fibres and was demonstrable in the mucosa and myenteric plexuses throughout the g.i.t. B-l.i. in the smooth muscle appeared to be restricted to nerve fibres in the forestomachs, the abomasum, and the upper small intestine. No B-l.i. was found in the salivary glands, oesophagus, liver tissue, pancreas, gall bladder or intestinal mesentery.
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PMID:The distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like, substance P-like and bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the digestive system of the sheep. 243 32

We have used light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques to study the distribution and morphology of neurons that contain vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (VIP-Ir) in the adult rat striatum. VIP-Ir cells were sparsely distributed throughout all rostrocaudal levels of the striatum. Cell bodies were of medium size (12-17 microns) and gave rise to three to five primary dendrites, which branched close to the soma and became varicose. These dendrites appeared aspiny at the light microscope level and could be traced up to 250 microns in length. Dendrites frequently traversed axonal bundles in the striatum, a pattern not exhibited by neurons containing somatostatin-like or substance P-like immunoreactivity. In several instances, very fine varicose processes arborized extensively within 40 microns of the VIP-Ir soma; these may represent axons. In thin-sectioned preparations, examined under the electron microscope, the nucleus of VIP-Ir neurons was eccentrically located and showed several deep invaginations. Immunoreactive dendrites of VIP-Ir cells appeared virtually spine-free. Synapses with asymmetric or symmetric junctional specializations were present on the dendritic surface. Several VIP-Ir varicosities were found to terminate on the VIP-Ir cell body, forming synaptic junctions with symmetric specializations; these synapses may derive from recurrent collaterals. VIP-Ir cells thus resemble other aspiny striatal neurons considered likely to be local circuit neurons.
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PMID:Morphology of striatal neurons containing VIP-like immunoreactivity. 243 35

The effect of galanin on the [3H]ACh release from myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips of the guinea pig small intestine was studied. While galanin did not alter the basal spontaneous efflux of ACh, it significantly depressed the ACh release evoked by electrical stimulation or caused by VIP and substance P. These results suggest an important neuromodulatory role for galanin in the enteric nervous system.
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PMID:Evidence for galanin as an inhibitory neuropeptide on myenteric cholinergic neurons in the guinea pig small intestine. 243 87

An investigation was carried out on the innervation of bovine naso-labial glands. Histochemical techniques were used to establish the presence and distribution of cholinergic fibres and peptidergic fibres containing VIP and Substance P were revealed by immunohistochemical methods. Parasympathetic nerve fibres were localized around the secretory units and intralobular excretory ducts. VIPergic nerve fibres, the only peptidergic fibres encountered, were arranged in a similar pattern. Adrenergic fibres were only seen in the periglandular connective tissue around blood vessels of medium size. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the secretory activity is mainly regulated by the parasympathetic nerves and that the VIP acts as a modulator.
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PMID:Innervation of the bovine naso-labial glands. 243 75

Using the technique of indirect immunofluorescence cytochemistry, the development of structures showing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like (VIP-l.i.) and substance P-like (SP-l.i.) immunoreactivity was studied in the gut of the fetal sheep and of new-born lambs. The fetuses were obtained by hysterotomy at known stages of gestation. VIP-l.i. immunoreactivity was first detected at mid-gestation (70 d) in neuronal structures in the myenteric plexus of the oesophagus and the forestomachs. SP-l.i. immunoreactivity was detectable at 50 d of gestation in neuronal structures in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the forestomachs and abomasum and in the myenteric plexus of the rectum. SP-l.i. immunoreactivity was also seen in open-type endocrine cells in the abomasal epithelium. Subsequently, VIP-l.i. staining progressively appeared caudally from the oesophagus and later cranially from the rectum. By birth the full adult staining pattern had developed in all regions except the colon. SP-l.i. was found to progress cranially and caudally from the forestomachs and abomasum and also cranially from the rectum and by birth the gut showed staining fully representative of the adult distribution. The SP-reactive endocrine cells appeared progressively along the intestine as the fetus developed and by birth were found predominantly in the small and large intestine with only a few in the abomasum.
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PMID:The ontogeny of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the digestive tract of the sheep. 243 50

Using single-label and double-label immunohistochemical techniques, many of the substance P-enkephalin containing preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion were found to also contain a VIP-like peptide. Since these terminals are also known to be cholinergic, these results suggest that neurotransmission at many synapses of the avian ciliary ganglion involves 3 different neuropeptides and a conventional neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
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PMID:A VIP-like peptide co-occurs with substance P and enkephalin in cholinergic preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion. 244 33


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