Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The peptidergic innervation of human dental pulp was studied with indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Pulpal nerve fibres displaying immunoreactivity for cholecystokinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, C-terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide tyrosine, leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neuropeptide K, neuropeptide tyrosine, peptide with N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine, somatostatin-28, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were observed. Immunoreactive axon varicosities were detectable within radicular and coronal nerve trunks and within the nerve plexus of Raschkow in the para-odontoblastic region. Many peptidergic nerve fibres were observed in association with blood vessels of various sizes. Substance P- and calcitonin-gene-related peptide-immunoreactive axons were visible in the odontoblastic layer. The occurrence of VIP- and PHI-immunoreactive fibres lends support to the hypothesis that human tooth may be supplied by parasympathetic nerves. The immunocytochemical results here shown provide a morphological basis to previous experimental studies concerning the possible roles of neuropeptides in nociception mechanisms, control of the blood flow and modulation of the inflammatory response in dental tissues.
 ...
PMID:Peptidergic nerves in human dental pulp. An immunocytochemical study. 208 89

In controls and in patients suffering from congestive heart failure (CHF) the circulating levels of catecholamines, neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI), vasoactive intestinal peptide-LI (VIP-LI), substance P-LI (SP-LI) and calcitonin generated peptide-LI (CGRP-LI) markers of sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory nervous systems, respectively, have been examined. There was a significant rise in the levels of noradrenaline, NPY-LI and SP-LI already in moderate CHF (New York Heart Association Stage I and II). In patients with severe CHF (NYHA Stage III and IV) the circulating levels of noradrenaline, adrenaline, NPY-LI and SP-LI were significantly increased. CGRP-LI was not altered, despite the fact that this peptide co-exists in many tissues with SP. There was no change in VIP-LI. The pathophysiological significance of this pattern of reaction of circulating catecholamines and neuropeptides is unclear; however, the rise in SP-LI may be a reaction to counterbalance the vasoconstrictive effects of the activation of the sympatho-adrenal system.
 ...
PMID:Congestive heart failure: involvement of perivascular peptides reflecting activity in sympathetic, parasympathetic and afferent fibres. 210 40

Airway submucosal glands are by volume the most important source of macromolecules in airway secretions. These secretions, containing gel-forming mucins, antibacterial proteins, and antiproteases, comprise the major defensive barrier protecting the host against airborne pathogens. The identification of the mechanisms regulating secretion from the submucosal glands is key to understanding the genesis of this barrier and how it is altered by disease processes. Using a variety of methods, we and others have identified on the gland cells of several species receptors specific for ACh, norepinephrine, substance P, VIP, PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGD2, histamine and bradykinin. These receptors all participate in modulating the secretory activity of the airway submucosal glands. Studies of homogeneous cultures of bovine airway serous cells have yielded detailed information regarding the beta-adrenergic receptor on these cells. Using radioligand binding techniques, we found evidence for the presence of a single high affinity beta receptor of beta-2 subtype. Occupancy of this receptor by isoproterenol causes an elevation in the concentration of intracellular cAMP, which in turn stimulates the phosphorylation of a subset of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins. Based on the kinetics and pharmacology of these effects, it is likely that cAMP functions as a second messenger in the serous cell secretory pathway, probably acting through protein kinases. Current efforts are directed at identification of those phosphoproteins whose phosphorylation and dephosphorylation times are consistent with their possible roles in secretion.
 ...
PMID:Receptors on airway gland cells. 215 62

The specific melanotropin (MSH) binding sites of rat lacrimal glands were characterized with respect to anatomic distribution, peptide specificity and selectivity, and coupling to a biological response. Tissue distribution of MSH binding sites was determined by autoradiography following in situ binding of a radiolabeled, biologically active preparation of a superpotent alpha-MSH analog, [125I]-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH ([125I]-NDP-MSH). Intense, specific (i.e., alpha-MSH-displaceable) [125I]-NDP-MSH binding was observed throughout lacrimal acinar tissue, but not in ducts or stroma. In freshly isolated lacrimal acinar cells, specific binding of [125I]-NDP-MSH was maximal within 30 min and rapidly reversible, with a dissociation half-time of about 15 min. A number of melanotropins [alpha-MSH, [N,O-diacetyl-Ser1]-alpha-MSH, [des-acetyl-Ser1]-alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, ACTH(1-24) and ACTH(1-39)] were recognized by these binding sites, as assessed by their inhibition of [125I]-NDP-MSH binding; NDP-MSH was the most potent (IC50 = 1.3 x 10(-9) M). In contrast, other peptides, including ACTH(4-10) and the nonmelanotropic peptides VIP, substance P, somatostatin, and ACTH(18-39) (CLIP), had no effects on tracer binding. In isolated lacrimal acinar cells, alpha-MSH and NDP-MSH stimulated intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation. We conclude that lacrimal acinar cells express functional receptors recognizing melanotropins, suggesting that the lacrimal gland may be a target for physiological regulation by endogenous melanotropins.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of functional melanotropin receptors in lacrimal glands of the rat. 216 77

In parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands of the ferret, morphological correlates were looked for, using immunocytochemistry, to previous physiological findings showing parasympathetic "atropine-resistant" salivary secretion and neuropeptide-evoked salivation in this species. Nerve fibers storing VIP were numerous in association with acini, ducts and blood vessels, while the number of fibers storing substance P was moderate and those containing CGRP and galanin few; also the number of NPY-containing fibers was low around acini and ducts but relatively high around vessels. Sympathectomy eliminated all NPY- and almost all dopamine beta-hydroxylase-containing fibers. Parasympathectomy of the parotid gland resulted in a total loss of the VIP-containing fibers, and a profound reduction in the number of substance P- and CGRP-containing fibers.
 ...
PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the major salivary glands of the ferret. 223 85

This overview focusses on the ubiquitous presence of immunohistochemically visible peptidergic nerves with vasodilatory function. The nerve fibres are primarily related to the parasympathetic system (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP), the sympathetic system including the adrenal medulla (enkephalins) and to the sensory system (substance P as well as calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP). Substance P and probably also CGRP seem to be the mediators of antidromic vasodilatation. Enkephalins appear to be released both from nerve endings and from the adrenomedullary cells. The vasodilatory nerve fibres in the heart distribute both to the coronary vessels and to functionally important parts of the myocardium, where interesting relations exist between the peptidergic flow regulation and contractile force. In the brain the sensory and parasympathetic pathways for VIP and substance P/CGRP have recently been mapped in detail, and a new peptidergic intracranial ganglion has been discovered. The selective electrical stimulation of the sensory and postganglionic parasympathetic fibres, respectively, in the brain circulation has been found to evoke a pronounced flow increase which does not appear to involve cholinergic mediation. There is also experimental evidence that the mentioned systems of fibres may interact with each other and with the sympathetic nervous system by way of neuronal cross-talk.
 ...
PMID:Peptidergic vasodilator nerves in the peripheral circulation and in the vascular beds of the heart and brain. 224 50

The diagnosis of "poorly differentiated" carcinoma was made in 47 of 683 colon cancers on the basis of conventional light microscopy which showed poorly defined glands, solid architecture or variable admixtures thereof. Samples from 44 of these 47 tumors were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis for the presence of neuroendocrine (NE) antigens. Paraffin sections were immunostained with antibodies to NSE, chromogranin, serotonin, VIP, substance P and somatostatin. Additional sections were also stained with monoclonal antibody (Mab) A-80 that recognizes a glycoprotein related to exocrine (EX) differentiation. Based on our findings, the tumors were phenotypically reclassified as follows: I) pure EX (n = 8), II) pure NE (n = 4), III) mixed EX-NE carcinomas (n = 23), and IV) predominantly EX carcinomas with occasional NE cells (n = 9). Survival among groups II and III appeared to be less than group I and survival in group IV was significantly less than group I. Survival among the four pure NE (group II) and 11 predominantly NE mixed carcinomas (group III) taken together was significantly less than the pure EX carcinomas. This study indicates: 1) The incidence of NE differentiation in tumors of the colon and rectum is higher than previously believed. 2) The poorly differentiated colon carcinomas comprise four distinct groups: pure EX, pure NE, mixed EX-NE carcinomas, and predominantly EX carcinomas with a NE cell subpopulation. 3) The presence of NE differentiation or of a NE cell subpopulation in colon carcinoma appears to be associated with a poorer prognosis.
 ...
PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in "poorly differentiated" colon carcinomas. 236 84

The innervation in airway tissues from young adult (15-26 wk) and fetal (95/115 d gestation) pigs was compared in isolated tracheal and bronchial preparations subjected to electrical field stimulation. End-organ responsiveness to carbachol, substance P, isoprenaline, and VIP was present by 95 d gestation. Electrical field stimulation (0.5-20 Hz, 70 V, 0.5 ms) resulted in a frequency-dependent contraction that was blocked by atropine (10(-6) M) and TTX (10(-6) M) at both ages. However, there was a 10-fold increase in threshold in the fetal airways because contractions were evoked at frequencies of approximately 5 Hz in the fetus compared with 0.5 Hz in the young adult airways. In the young adult airways, there were atropine-resistant contractions at longer pulse durations (1-5 ms, 20 Hz), but not usually in the fetus. The atropine-resistant contractions were not blocked by TTX. Capsaicin (10(-6) M) produced no contraction in the pig airway. In tissues contracted using the ED50 of carbachol, electrical stimulation (1-20 Hz, 70 V, 1 ms) caused marked relaxation, however, compared with those in the young adult, fetal responses were weak or absent. Propranolol (10(-6) M) partially reduced the relaxation of the young adult bronchus (approximately 25%), but it had little effect on responses in the other young adult and fetal preparations. Therefore, the inhibitory innervation of pig airways was predominantly nonadrenergic and the excitatory component was cholinergic. Neither of these components was fully developed in the fetus close to term.
 ...
PMID:Inhibitory and excitatory responses to field stimulation in fetal and adult pig airway. 237 98

The recent discoveries of vascular neuroeffector control mechanisms, involving a wide variety of neurohumoral agents, pre- and postjunctional neuromodulation, and cotransmission, leave the field poised for growth in new directions. Some of these are outlined in this article, including: the development of methods for quantitation of the pattern and density of different types of perivascular nerves; exploration of the potent actions of purine nucleotides and nucleosides on vascular smooth muscle and/or endothelial cells, particularly in relation to the development of drugs of therapeutic potential; expansion of studies of the regulatory implications of cotransmitter release of ATP together with noradrenaline from some sympathetic perivascular nerves and of VIP together with acetylcholine from some parasympathetic nerves; autoradiographic localization of receptors for monoamines, peptides of and purines in blood vessels; wider studies of "axon reflex" control of the circulation and of the roles of substance P; investigation of development, aging, and regeneration of different perivascular nerve types, and the long-term "trophic" actions of some neurohumoral agents. Lastly, the time is ripe to study abnormalities in neurohumoral control of vessels in disease and after chronic exposure to drugs.
 ...
PMID:Neurohumoral control of blood vessels: some future directions. 240 87

The major findings and conclusions of this study are the following: Indirect evidence for the presence of the bronchoconstrictive transmitter acetylcholine in the human bronchial smooth muscle was obtained by demonstration of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers and nerve profiles of cholinergic type. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers and nerve profiles of cholinergic type were found in human bronchial glands. A sparse adrenergic innervation of the human bronchial smooth muscle and glands was found by using catecholamine histofluorescence. This observation was supported by finding ultrastructurally adrenergic-like nerve profiles close to smooth muscle cells. Direct evidence for the presence of a new possible bronchodilating transmitter VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) in the human bronchial smooth muscle was obtained both by light microscopical demonstration of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers and by localization of VIP like immunoreactivity in granules in nerve profiles. Nerve fibers containing VIP-immunoreactivity were found in the human bronchial glands by light microscopy. Substance P-immunoreactive nerves were found in the lower respiratory tract of the rabbit but not of man by light microscopy. Intraepithelial nerves were demonstrated in man from trachea to segmental bronchi and their concentration was established. The intraepithelial nerves seem to have two predominant locations: either close to the airway lumen or near the basement membrane. Nerves near the lumen were found only in larger airways e.g. trachea and lobar bronchi.
 ...
PMID:Autonomic innervation of the human respiratory tract as revealed by histochemical and ultrastructural methods. 241 Feb 88


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>