Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

90 primary breast carcinomas and 18 metastases were immunostained for c-erbB-2 protein and neuron specific enolase. 30 tumours were c-erbB-2 negative and NSE positive, 23 tumours were NSE negative and c-erbB-2 positive. 1 tumour expressed focal immunoreactivity for both markers. 54 of the 108 tumours (50%) did not express either marker. Hormone immunoreactivity was present in single cells and in small groups of cells in 18 of the 31 NSE positive tumours. Bombesin, neurotensin and prealbumin were present in 4 cases each, followed by beta-endorphin and VIP in 3 cases each, leu-enkephalin in 2 cases and gastrin, serotonin, substance P, glucagon and somatostatin in 1 case each. None of 10 NSE negative breast carcinomas were comprised of cells expressing immunoreactivity for hormones. By immunoelectron microscopic examination the c-erbB-2 protein was shown to be present on the cell membrane, on smooth areas, microvilli and in coated pits. Immunoreactivity was also expressed in vesicles in cytoplasm and along rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study shows that c-erbB-2 protein expression and neuroendocrine activity are present in different tumour cell populations. This supports the hypothesis that the presence of c-erbB-2 protein, indicating an elevated cellular tyrosine kinase activity with stimulation of growth, intracellular Ca++, and phosphatidylinositol derivates, means that the same cell does not need regulation of the same factors by stimulation of peptide hormone receptors. Thus the production of autocrine and paracrine factors is switched off.
 ...
PMID:C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in breast carcinomas. 167 29

This light microscopic immunohistochemical study investigates the distribution and target interrelations of nerve fibers in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) of rat and cat by using antisera against (1) the polyneuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), (2) selected opioid and nonopioid peptides, and (3) the marker enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). In both species, a similar distribution pattern of PGP, peptide, and catecholamine enzyme immunoreactive was observed. Anti-PGP 9.5 stained all nerve fibers (except some smaller, calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) fibers presumably of the C-type) throughout the different compartments of BALT, e.g., under the epithelium, in the smooth muscle layer, along the vasculature, and between immune cells of BALT parenchyma. The distribution of fibers staining for peptides (substance P (SP), (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY). Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu) and/or the catecholamine enzymes was also not compartment-specific. However, the density of the different peptidergic fibers and those staining for the marker enzymes exhibited region- and target-specific variations, e.g., fibers, cocontaining substance P and CGRP were more ubiquitous in nonvascular regions than codistributed NPY-, TH-, and DBH-ir fibers, which clearly prevailed in perivascular plexus. Regularly, nerve fibers staining for any of the peptides and markers investigated formed close contacts with mast cells, cells of the macrophage/monocyte cell line (identified as ED1 + cells), and/or other lymphoid cells, although with different frequencies. We assume that the SP/CGRP innervation is mainly of primary sensory origin, while the NPY innervation is chiefly derived from postganglionic noradrenergic sympathetic neurons. The VIP/PHI component is most likely postganglionic cholinergic while the opioid component, apparently derived from the Proenkephalin precursor, could be of differential origin. We propose that the neuroimmune connections in BALT play a significant role in the regulation and/or modulation of physiological/pathophysiological mechanisms of the lung. BALT may also be an integral part of the psycho-neuro-immune axis.
 ...
PMID:The neuroimmune link in the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of cat and rat: peptides and neural markers. 167 20

Neuropeptides, among which substance P, VIP (Vasoactive intestinal peptide), somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin and enkephalins, are able to modulate inflammatory processes. Increasing interest is now devoted to these peptides in different inflammatory diseases, concerning skin, lung and joins. The effect of substance P can be dependent on its C-terminal moiety implicating by this way an interaction with specific neurokinin receptors or can be dependent on its N-terminal moiety which does not involve a specific membrane receptor. Such diversity of the action mechanisms of peptides should influence the evolution of the anti-inflammatory therapeutic.
 ...
PMID:[Neuropeptides and inflammation: presumed mechanisms in neurogenic inflammation]. 2317 66

A transurethral prostatic resection for prostatism in a 73 year old man showed a cluster of richly capillarised clear cells originally thought to be indicative of invasive carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out on this tissue specimen and three similar cases using a variety of antibodies--Neuron specific enolase, PGP 9.5, chromogranin, synaptophysin, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P, calcitonin, calcitonin gene related peptide, met-enkephalin, VIP, neurofilament, CAM 5.2, S100 protein, prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. The cellular foci were shown to be composed of paraganglionic cells. The cell clusters were well defined and predominantly comprised clear cells with scanty, fine eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in three cases. The cell nuclei were round to oval, moderately pleomorphic, with evenly dispersed dense chromatin. It is concluded that the presence of minute foci of paraganglial cells in the bladder wall and prostate gland may be misinterpreted as malignant because of their close association with nerves and their relative rarity. Immunohistochemical staining with neuroendocrine markers should dispel any doubt about their identity.
 ...
PMID:Paraganglial cells of urinary bladder and prostate: potential diagnostic problem. 169 Feb 21

1. Arteriolar diameter was measured using an optical method in preparations of guinea-pig submucosal plexus in vitro. Electrical stimulation of one or more neurones in ganglia of the submucosal plexus causes a cholinergic vasodilatation in normal animals. The vasomotor innervation to the arterioles was studied in guinea-pigs in which the extrinsic nerves to the intestine had been removed. Tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry after the in vitro experiments. 2. Extrinsic denervation resulted in complete loss of catecholamine fluorescence, NPY (neuropeptide Y) and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) immunofluorescence around the blood vessels and no neurogenic vasoconstriction was observed up to 60 days post-denervation. Vasodilatation in response to ganglionic stimulation was increased; smaller arterioles (outside diameter less than 40 microns) showed a greater enhancement of neurogenic vasodilatation than larger arterioles. 3. Nerve-evoked vasodilatations were only partially inhibited by muscarinic antagonists at 30-60 days after extrinsic denervations. 4. The non-cholinergic neurogenic vasodilatation was abolished by the substance P antagonists, spantide, [D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7.9, Leu11]substance P and [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp7.9, Leu11]substance P. These antagonists did not alter the cholinergic vasodilatation in normal or extrinsically denervated arterioles. 5. Exogenous substance P dilated all submucosal arterioles; the concentration which produced half-maximal vasodilatations was 2.5 mM in both normal and extrinsically denervated arterioles. Substance P antagonists inhibited the vasodilatation caused by substance P at concentrations similar to those needed to block nerve-mediated vasodilatation. 6. There was a strong correlation between the finding of non-cholinergic vasodilatation in response to ganglionic stimulation, and the presence of substance P-immunoreactive fibres running from ganglion to arteriole. This correlation did not exist for VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide). 7. These results suggest that intrinsic intestinal substance P-containing nerve fibres supply submucosal arterioles after sympathetic efferents and sensory afferents are removed. Stimulation of these nerves releases substance P to produce arteriolar dilatation.
 ...
PMID:Substance P mediates neurogenic vasodilatation in extrinsically denervated guinea-pig submucosal arterioles. 169 Dec 91

Autonomic dysfunction is an increasingly recognized problem in aging animals and man. The pathologic changes that produce autonomic dysfunction in human aging are largely unknown; however, in experimental animal models specific pathologic changes have been found in selected sympathetic ganglia. To address whether similar neuropathologic changes occur in aging humans, the authors have examined paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia from a series of 56 adult autopsied nondiabetic patients. They found significant, specific, age-related neuropathologic lesions in the prevertebral sympathetic superior mesenteric ganglia of autopsied patients. Markedly swollen dystrophic preterminal axons compressed or displaced the perikarya of principal sympathetic neurons. Ultrastructurally, these swollen presynaptic axons contained abundant disoriented neurofilaments surrounded by peripherally marginated dense core vesicles. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that dystrophic axons contained tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity but not other neuropeptides (VIP, substance P, gastrin-releasing peptide [GRP]/bombesin, met-enkephalin). Similar to the animal models of aging, lesions were much more frequent in the prevertebral superior mesenteric ganglia than in the paravertebral superior cervical ganglia. These studies demonstrate anatomic, peptidergic, and pathologic specificity in the aging human nervous system similar in many respects to that which the authors have described in experimental animal models. Neuroaxonal dystrophy in the sympathetic nervous system may underlie poorly understood alterations in clinical autonomic nervous system function that develop with age.
 ...
PMID:Neuroaxonal dystrophy in aging human sympathetic ganglia. 169 57

The discovery of peptides in the splanchnic nerve and adrenal gland, and their co-existence with conventional neurotransmitters raises questions about their possible functional roles in catecholamine (CA) secretion and gene transcription in the adrenal gland. Short-term, stress-induced CA secretion is regulated biphasically by substance P (SP) which inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) action at SP greater than 10(-6) M and facilitates CA secretion in response to metabolic and physical stressors, ACh or electrical stimulation at SP less than 10(-6) M. Long-term, gene transcription of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is exerted by glucocorticoids, and gene transcription of Proenkephalin-A by agents such as histamine, angiotensin II and VIP that increase cyclic AMP (cAMP). The final products of these two genes, adrenaline and Met-enkephalin and congeners, are co-stored in chromaffin granules of adrenaline cells but gene expression of these products is clearly under differential control.
 ...
PMID:Peptide regulation of adrenal medullary function. 169 30

An immunocytochemical investigation was carried out on round and spreading hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus by using 20 antisera to vertebrate bioactive peptides. The immunotests showed the presence of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-bombesin-, calcitonin-, CCK-8 (INC)-, CCK-39-, gastrin-, glucagon-, Met-enkephalin-, neurotensin-, oxytocin-, somatostatin-, substance P-, VIP-, and vasopressin-immunoreactive molecules in the spreading hemocytes. The round hemocytes were only positive to anti-bombesin, anticalcitonin, anti-CCK-8 (INC), anti-CCK-39, anti-neurotensin, anti-oxytocin, anti-substance P and anti-vasopressin antibodies. No immunostaining was observed with anti-CCK-8 (Peninsula), anti-insulin, anti-prolactin, anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroxin (T4) antibodies. As probably in vertebrates, these bioactive peptides may modulate immuno cell function.
 ...
PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence of vertebrate bioactive peptide-like molecules in the immuno cell types of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus (L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). 169 11

1. We have used micropuncture techniques to study the regulation of fluid secretion by interlobular ducts isolated from the pancreas of copper-deficient rats. 2. Ducts isolated from different strains of Wistar rats exhibited quantitative differences in basal fluid secretion; however, secretion rates measured in the presence of secretin were similar. 3. Vasoactive intestinal peptide had no effect on fluid transport. 4. Bombesin stimulated fluid secretion, and this effect was abolished by removal of extracellular bicarbonate. 5. Substance P inhibited basal secretion, and that stimulated by bombesin and secretin. These inhibitory effects were partially reversed by spantide. 6. Substance P also inhibited fluid secretion stimulated by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin. This places the site of inhibition mediated by substance P at a point in the secretory mechanism distal to the generation of cyclic AMP. 7. We conclude that rat pancreatic duct cells possess receptors for bombesin and substance P, in addition to 'secretin-preferring' receptors. Since VIP had no effect on fluid transport, it is unlikely that 'VIP-preferring' receptors are present on rat duct cells.
 ...
PMID:Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin and substance P on fluid secretion by isolated rat pancreatic ducts. 169 81

The volume-evoked micturition reflex (VEMR) is under the control of a complex vesico-spino-bulbo-spino-vesical reflex arc. When functional this system provides for the storage and retention of urine and its subsequent efficient expulsion by virtue of a joint contraction of the bladder and synergic relaxation of the urethral sphincter. Transection of the spinal cord results in an initial disruption of this organization (areflexia) followed by a time-dependent change in the characteristics of the functioning of this reflex system. The growth of knowledge of the pharmacology of spinal systems has yielded considerable information on the potential spinal neurotransmitter systems and their associated receptors. Given the possible role of such systems in mediating and modulating the VEMR, a reasonable approach has been to investigate the effects of spinally administered agonists and antagonists in unanaesthetized animals in which the VEMR can be examined. Thus, it appears that the initial state of bladder distension is signalled by larger (A type) afferent fibres. After spinal injury and the loss of this supraspinal control, smaller unmyelinated C fibres play a predominant role in controlling this reflex. On stimulation these C fibres release peptides (VIP, CCK, substance P, CGRP) and excitatory amino acids (glutamate). Studies in this laboratory have shown that whereas administration of these peptides is without effect in normal intact rats, the antagonists for glutamate and VIP receptors (but not CCK) produce a dose-dependent increase in spontaneous bladder contractions with a corresponding decrease in the volume required to evoke a VEMR. Other spinal systems, such as those for opioids and GABA, are known to exert modulatory effects upon spinal somatomotor reflex arcs. In the spinal cord these agonists (mu/delta and GABAA/B) produce discrete changes in the VEMR in intact and spinally transected animals. Thus these studies may provide insight into the coordinated mechanisms which govern the VEMR and may also allow the development of pharmacological approaches to managing the dysfunctional bladder.
 ...
PMID:The spinal pharmacology of urinary function: studies on urinary continence in the unanaesthetized rat. 169 10


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>