Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The different mode of secretion of the gut hormones (paracrine secretion--somatostatin. endocrine and neurocrine secretion--gastrin, CCK; neurocrine secretion--VIP, substance P), obscures the physiological significance of these hormones. However, the pathophysiological role of autonomous secreted hormones by endocrine tumours, is well established. Gut hormones are used for routine evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases. The therapeutic value of these substances has recently engendered considerable interest.
 ...
PMID:[Pathophysiology and clinical significance of gut hormones]. 4 99

Pancreas and gut hormones are involved in many endocrine and gastrointestinal diseases. Radioimmunoassays for these hormones have proved particularly valuable in diagnosis, localisation and control of treatment of endocrine tumours, of which many are mixed. An estimate based on ten years experience in a homogenous population of 5 million inhabitants (Denmark) suggests, that endocrine gut tumour-syndromes on an average appear with an incidence of 1 patient per year/syndrome/million. At present six different syndromes are known: 1) The insulinoma syndrome, 2) The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.3) The Verner-Morrison syndrome. 4) The glucagonoma syndrome. 5) The somatostatinoma syndrome, and 6) the carcinoid syndrome. Accordingly diagnostically valuable RIAs for pancreas and gut hormones include those for insulin, gastrin, VIP, HPP, glucagon, somatostatin, and presumably also substance P. It is probably safe to predict that the need for gut and pancreas hormone RIAs within the next decade will increase greatly in order to assure proper management of tumours producing gastroentero-pancreatic hormones.
 ...
PMID:Radioimmunoassay in diagnosis, localization and treatment of endocrine tumours in gut and pancreas. 22 84

The chemistry, localisation, release and effects of gastrointestinal hormones and some related peptides are surveyed. Their main presumed physiologic actions are: gastric acid and pepsin secretion are stimulated by gastrin and to a less degree by secretin. Acid secretion is inhibited by bulbo-enterogastrone and GIP. Biliary water and electrolytes are augmented by gastrin, CCK-PZ, secretin and VIP and inhibited by Substance P. Pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme secretions are stimulated by secretin and CCK-PZ, especially in combination. Lower oesophageal and antral motility and tonus are elevated following gastrin and motilin; the gallbladder and small intestine empty following CCK. Gastrin regulates gastrointestinal, and CCK pancreatic, tissue growth. Somatostatin inhibits all gut hormones. All peptides are vasoactive within the splanchnic area, each one in a specific manner.
 ...
PMID:Gastrointestinal hormones. 35 98

Small intestine from 18-day fetal mice grown for 3 weeks in organotypic tissue culture was found to contain numerous VIP, enkephalin, substance P and some somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers. Since these cultures should be devoid of all afferent or other extrinsic neuronal inputs, it is concluded that there are VIP, enkephalin, substance P and somatostatin containing neurons intrinsic to the intestinal wall. However, all 4 peptides may also be present in neurons originating outside the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the intrinsic neurons.
 ...
PMID:VIP-, enkephalin-, substance P- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neurons intrinsic to the intestine: immunohistochemical evidence from organotypic tissue cultures. 35 33

An adenocarcinoma of the second portion of the duodenum in a 26-year-old male is presented. The patient was suffering from pain in the epigastrium. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that it consisted almost exclusively of cells with a distincly positive somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the tumor cells had numerous large round granules (about 400 micrometers) with variable electron density. Most of these cells closely resembled the D cells normally seen in the duodenum and the islets of the pancreas, although a few argyrophil cells could be demonstrated by light microscopy. Radioimmunoassay of extracts of the tumor revealed a large amount of somatostatin (2260 pg/mg); substance P and VIP were detected also. Somatostatinoma has been known to occur in the pancreas, but this seems to be the first somatostatinoma found in the intestine.
 ...
PMID:Somatostatinoma of the duodenum. 50 96

The effects of various polypeptide enterohormones and the tachykinin secretogogue, physalaemin, on electrolyte transport by the main excretory duct of the mandibular gland of the rabbit were studied in vitro. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 2 X 10(-11) mol 1(-1)) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP, 10(-11) mol 1(-1)) reduced nett Na+ movement from lumen to interstitium and VIP also reduced the transepithelial potential difference; the effective concentrations of the two hormones lay within the range of normal plasma concentrations. Gastrin (5 x 10(-7) mol 1(-1)) and synthetic secretin (2 x 10(-7) mol 1(-1)) had similar effects but only at concentrations well above the normal plasma levels. Caerulein, an analogue of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, had no effect on duct function even at a concentration of 10(-6) mol 1(-1). The potent salivary secretogogue, physalaemin (4 x 10(-8) mol 1(-1)), which is an analogue of Substance P, a putative mammalian enterohormone and neurotransmitter substance, caused a marked increase in ductal Na transport (in rat as well as rabbit). It is concluded that VIP and GIP would normally play a role in determining salivary electrolyte composition and it is postulated that their action may be antagonized by a tachykinin such as Substance P.
 ...
PMID:Modification of salivary duct electrolyte transport in rat and rabbit by physalaemin, VIP, GIP and other enterohormones. 56 44

Somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were incubated in an adenylate cyclase assay with a particulate fraction of caudate-putamen tissue of the rat in order to examine the effect of the neuropeptides on G-protein coupled adenylate cyclase in vitro. Somatostatin induced an enhancement of cyclic AMP formation in presence of guanine nucleotides and cholera toxin but inhibited pertussis toxin and forskolin enzyme stimulation. Pertussis toxin and cholera toxin also depressed forskolin-induced stimulation as described previously. Somatostatin was able to antagonize these inhibitory effects of both toxins. On the contrary, substance P reduced GTP and cholera toxin stimulated striatal adenylate cyclase, without affecting forskolin activation. In our preparation, VIP did not influence basal adenylate cyclase activity or the stimulation by guanine nucleotides, cholera toxin, and pertussis toxin. VIP potently inhibited the enhancement of cyclic AMP formation by forskolin and completely antagonized the inhibitory effect of cholera toxin on forskolin activation. These results suggest that neuromodulatory effects of somatostatin, substance P, and VIP are mediated by the inhibitory as well as stimulatory guanine nucleotide proteins G-i and G-s coupled to an adenylate cyclase system.
 ...
PMID:Peptidergic modulation of G-protein coupled cyclic-AMP accumulation in the rat caudate nucleus. 127 50

Although effects of physical environmental stress, including noise and whole-body vibration, on human psychological activities and emotion are not negligible for environmental and occupational hygiene, attempts to elucidate their physiological and biomedical mechanisms have been not made until recently. Neurobiological researches on the effects of the physical environment, e.g., noise and whole-body vibration on organisms were reviewed. It has been well accepted that such effects can be classified into specific and nonspecific reactions to the stressor. Activations of the mesofrontal and the meso-accumbens dopaminergic (DA) systems and changes of frontal substance P (SP) have been reported to play a part in emotional changes and to be induced by acute physical environmental stressors as a nonspecific reaction. On the basis of data demonstrating that these three systems do not show the same changes with the chronic exposure, it is assumed that emotional changes may account for the differences among the systems. Specific responses of amygdaline DA and SP to noise suggest that the psychopharmacological mechanisms by which actions of DA and SP in the cortical association areas for the sensory systems of hearing, as well as in the amygdala and the mesencephalon together, cause the specific sensation of noise, and furthermore lead to psychological and physical nonspecific reactions. In these mechanisms, descending amygdalofugal neural systems of SP, neurotensin (NT) and somatostatin are activated as a common pathway, and subsequently relayed to the hypothalamus-pituitary system responsible for several endocrinological hormones. The involvements of the hippocampal VIP in whole-body vibration and of the DA and NT in cold exposure have been pointed out. Further researches to elucidate the roles of central neurotransmitters in physical environmental stress will be important in the study of human high-level mental activity.
 ...
PMID:[Neurobiology of physical environmental stress]. 128 11

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity was investigated in the guinea-pig small intestine. There were many immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the myenteric plexus but very few in submucous ganglia. NOS immunoreactivity was not found in non-neuronal cells except for rare mucosal endocrine cells. Abundant immunoreactive nerve fibres in both myenteric and submucous ganglia, and in the circular muscle, arose from myenteric nerve cells whose axons projected anally along the intestine. NOS immunoreactivity coexisted with VIP-immunoreactivity, but not with substance P immunoreactivity. We conclude that nitric oxide synthase is located in a sub-population of enteric neurons, amongst which are inhibitory motor neurons that supply the circular muscle layer.
 ...
PMID:Projections and chemical coding of neurons with immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase in the guinea-pig small intestine. 128 39

Besides their neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulatory roles, many neuroactive substances synthesized and released during brain development can also directly influence neuronal differentiation. Transitory expression of neurotransmitters, their metabolic enzymes and their receptors is only one aspect of this trophic role. The most considerable progress in neurotrophic factor research has been made with the use of primary cultures of neuronal cells, and numerous studies have focused on the effects of neurotransmitters on the differentiation of cells at various stages of development. Thus, several neuropeptides like VIP, substance P, enkephalins, somatostatin, and monoamines, can modulate neuronal differentiation, but only during a limited period of fetal life. Among the monoamines, it was shown that, depending on the target, 5-HT stimulates the development of the neuropile, the myelinization of axons, the differentiation of the synaptic contacts, induces markers of monoaminergic neuron differentiation, inhibits the development of the growth cone, decreases the branching of neurites, and influences the survival, cell body size, and neurite outgrowth in several neuronal cultures. 5-HT can also indirectly influence the differentiation of serotonergic neurons by the intermediate of astrocytes, and it was shown in our laboratory that 5-HT1A agonists can stimulate the cholinergic parameters of primary cultures of rat fetal septal neurons. At the molecular level, the events triggered by neurotransmitters that underlie their neurotrophic action probably involve the transmembrane influx of calcium. To date, calcium regulation of cellular processes is one of the most rapidly expanding areas of research in developmental neurobiology.
 ...
PMID:Trophic effects of neurotransmitters during brain maturation. 135 26


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>