Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intimal injury and atherosclerotic change seem to be causative factors linked to spasm of the coronary artery. Intimal thickening was produced by mechanical injury to the endothelium of the canine coronary artery and we investigated the distribution of adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic nerves in the coronary arteries. Although adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were not altered in density, neuron specific enolase positive nerve fibers were increased in number in dogs killed 1 and 3 months after injury. Substance P-containing fibers were also increased at 3 months after the induced injury.
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PMID:Intimal thickening and the distribution of vasomotor nerves in the mechanically injured dog coronary artery. 242 54

Forty-two breast carcinomas were studied with different markers for detecting neuroendocrine differentiation. The Bodian and Grimelius silver stains were applied, as well as immunostaining for neurone specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin, prealbumin and a battery of hormones. All cases were studied by electron microscopy as well. The material included 29 infiltrating ductal carcinomas, 10 infiltrating lobular carcinomas and 3 tubular carcinomas. Immunostaining for hormones was obtained in 11 cases (gastrin and PP (4 cases each), leu-enkephalin (3 cases), substance P (2 cases), beta-endorphin (2 cases), ACTH (1 case) and bombesin (1 case). Three cases revealed immunostaining for more than one hormone. Sixteen cases were positively stained with rabbit anti-NSE (Dako Corporation) and included all the 11 cases with proven immunoreactivity for hormones. 20 cases were positively stained with sheep anti-NSE and only 8 of the 11 cases with immunoreactivity for hormones were included. Immunostaining for prealbumin was observed in only 1 case and chromogranin in only 5 cases. All cases were unstained with the Bodian stain, whereas 3 cases showed a positive argyrophilic reaction with the Grimelius technique. Ultrastructural studies revealed typical small membrane-bound electron dense granules in cytoplasm in 4 cases, all among the 11 cases with immunoreactivity for hormones. We conclude that immunostaining with rabbit anti-NSE is the best screening method for detecting breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation.
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PMID:A study of different markers for neuroendocrine differentiation in breast carcinomas. 243 99

In the rat, there is considerable evidence of mast cell/nerve interaction both in the normal and infected intestine. Between 67 and 87% of all mast cells in the intestinal lamina propria of rats infected 22-35 days earlier with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were touching nerves. These membrane contacts were between subepithelial mast cells and nonmyelinated nerves containing substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and neurone specific enolase. 2.5S nerve growth factor (NGF) has a significant enhancement effect on antigen-induced histamine release without addition of phosphatidylserine, and the in vivo administration of NGF to rats causes both connective tissue and mucosal mast cells to dramatically increase in number. All of these effects are both dose dependent and NGF specific, as evidenced by inhibition with anti-NGF. 2.5S NGF also causes in vitro increase of colonies in methylcellulose cultures of human peripheral blood. The effects of NGF in this system are synergistic with other T cell-derived growth factors and relatively specific for metachromatic cell growth. These observations support the conclusions that nerves and mast cells may constantly communicate and provide a structural and conceptual framework whereby the central nervous system may communicate with inflammatory events.
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PMID:The role of mast cells in inflammatory processes: evidence for nerve/mast cell interactions. 243 39

Counts performed on dissociated cell cultures of E10 chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed after 4-6 days of culture a pronounced decline of the neuronal population in neuron-enriched cultures and a net gain in the number of ganglion cells in mixed DRG cell cultures (containing both neurons and nonneuronal cells). In the latter case, the increase in the number of neurons was found to depend on NGF and to average 119% in defined medium or 129% in horse serum-supplemented medium after 6 days of culture. The lack of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the neuronal population indicated that the newly formed ganglion cells were not generated by proliferation. On the contrary, the differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts present in the nonneuronal cell compartment was supported by sequential microphotographs of selected fields taken every hour for 48-55 hr after 3 days of culture. Apparently nonneuronal flat dark cells exhibited morphological changes and gradually evolved into neuronal ovoid and refringent cell bodies with expanding neurites. The ultrastructural organization of these evolving cells corresponded to that of primitive or intermediate neuroblasts. The neuronal nature of these rounding up cell bodies was indeed confirmed by the progressive expression of various neuronal cell markers (150 and 200-kDa neurofilament triplets, neuron specific enolase, and D2/N-CAM). Besides a constant lack of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, parvalbumin, and calbindin-D 28K and a lack of cytoenzymatic activity for carbonic anhydrase, all the newly produced neurons expressed three main phenotypic characteristics: a small cell body, a strong immunoreactivity to MAG, and substance P. Hence, ganglion cells newly differentiated in culture would meet characteristics ascribed to small B sensory neurons and more specifically to a subpopulation of ganglion cells containing substance P-immunoreactive material.
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PMID:Differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts into substance P-immunoreactive sensory neurons in dissociated cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion. 243 96

A unique case of midgut carcinoid with advanced disease, engaging lymph nodes and liver but still accessible to curative surgery, is reported. Besides elevated urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the diagnosis was based on a positive provocation test with pentagastrin, i.e., basally elevated levels of serotonin in peripheral whole blood increased twofold 3 min postinjection related to the appearance of carcinoid symptoms. After removal of primary and secondary lesions in a two-step procedure carcinoid symptoms disappeared completely. Biochemically, urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serotonin levels in peripheral blood before and during provocation with pentagastrin were both normalized after surgery and have remained so during 27 months of follow-up. Computed tomographies of the abdomen at regular intervals do not indicate recurrent disease. Histologically, the carcinoid lesions displayed a mixed growth pattern and signs of local aggressiveness. Immunocytochemically, the majority of the tumour cells (positive against neuron specific enolase) showed a positive reaction with serotonin antisera. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was also found in a large proportion of these cells.
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PMID:The pentagastrin test as an indicator of a cure in surgically treated patients with advanced carcinoid disease. 245 57

Putative neurotransmitters of the lower urinary tract were investigated in apes, rabbits and cats using immunohistochemical techniques of PAP (Peroxidase antiperoxidase) staining and IGSS (Immunogold silver staining) methods for Neuron specific enolase (NSE), Acetylcholine (Ach), Noradrenaline (NA), Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). 1) The localization of pelvic ganglions exhibited more striking evidence of species difference. Huge pelvic ganglions were found particularly in the dorsolateral area of the prostate in apes. On the other hand, in cats and rabbits, many ganglion cells were found around the uretero-vesical junctions. 2) In the pelvic ganglions of the apes, Ach immunoreactives were detected in nearly 70 percent of the cell bodies. 10-15 percent were NA immunoreactive cells. In addition, 15-20 percent VIP and a smaller percentage of SP immunoreactive cells were detected in the same ganglions. Axons extending from the ganglion cells showed the intense neurotransmitters immunoreactivity. 3) In the apes, varicose fibers containing SP were widely distributed in the epithelium, submucosa, muscle layer, and around the vessels of the bladder. SP immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the dorsal root ganglion at levels of L7, S1 and at the same levels in the posterior horn. On the other hand, the bulbourethral gland and the seminal vesicle contained SP immunoreactive cell bodies. 4) CGRP containing fibers were distributed in similar locations as SP containing fibers in the bladder. 5) VIP immunoreactive fibers were also widely distributed, being most dense at the base of the bladder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical studies of putative neurotransmitters in the lower urinary tract]. 257 46

The pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's disease has not been fully elucidated but is known to have a neurogenic basis. In recent years, new neural proteins and peptides have been discovered and our aim in this study was to use immunocytochemistry to investigate their involvement in the neuronal abnormalities associated with this condition. Large bowel samples from 9 children undergoing surgery for Hirschsprung's disease were compared with those taken from 8 children with other gastrointestinal diseases but no aganglionosis. Immunocytochemistry was carried out using antibodies to a wide range of neuron specific proteins and peptides. Examination of sections immunostained for the general neuronal markers, protein gene product 9.5, neuron specific enolase and neurofilament triplet proteins, allowed rapid identification of aganglionic segments. Nerves containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine methionine (VIP/PHM), galanin, substance P, somatostatin, met-enkephalin or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) showed a marked reduction in all layers of the aganglionic bowel. However, scattered VIP/PHM immunoreactive fibres were also found in the hypertrophied nerve bundles. In contrast with these reduced peptide-containing nerves, fibres displaying NPY immunoreactivity showed a marked increase in all aganglionic segments, particularly in the circular muscle where few are found normally. Our findings shed further light on the neurobiology of aganglionic bowel and suggest that immunostaining of neural proteins and the peptide NPY can aid rapid histopathological diagnosis of congenital aganglionosis.
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PMID:Increased neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive innervation of aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease. 311 47

After immunohistochemical staining appendices without active inflammation but producing symptoms of appendicitis (N = 24) were compared with a control group of appendices removed incidental to another procedure (N = 26). Staining for neurone specific enolase (NSE) showed more instances of nerve 'hyperplasia' in the control group than in the appendices generating pain refuting the concept of neuroappendicopathy based on quantitative nerve changes. Serotonin staining identified subepithelial neuroendocrine cells (SNC) in 85 per cent of the specimens. All cases showed serotonin immunoreactive enterochromaffin cells (EC). Staining for serotonin was significantly decreased in the SNC in the painful group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in staining intensity of SNC and EC for substance P (SP). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was not seen in the SNC and EC and there were no differences in nerve fibre staining for VIP. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter as well as mediator of inflammation. It is suggested that reduced staining for serotonin in painful appendices reflects discharge of stores which could be instrumental in inducing the pain in these cases. Continued serotonin release may then lead to acute appendicitis.
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PMID:Serotonin and its possible role in the painful non-inflamed appendix. 637

The arrangement of the enteric nerve plexuses, and the distributions and projections of chemically specified neurons in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig were studied. The neural plexuses were examined using immunoreactivity to neuron specific enolase, and individual subpopulations were studied using antibodies raised against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), enkephalin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), galanin, somatostatin, calbindin and calretinin. Nitric oxide producing neurons were studied using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. The myenteric and submucous plexuses were not uniform around the entire circumference; at the mesenteric aspect of the colon there was almost no longitudinal muscle and the circular muscle was unusually thick and cord-like. In this region there was no tertiary plexus of fibres, and the ganglia of the myenteric and submucous plexuses were elongated in the direction of the circular muscle. Neuronal pathways within the antimesenteric aspect of the colon were investigated using nerve lesioning procedures. VIP, GRP, galanin, calbindin and NADPH diaphorase containing neurons lay in anally projecting pathways within the myenteric plexus, while enkephalin and somatostatin appeared in orally projecting nerve pathways. Few NPY immunoreactive nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon. The longitudinal muscle was innervated with VIP, SP, enkephalin and NADPH diaphorase containing fibres. The circular muscle was innervated by axons containing all substances investigated except NPY. Galanin, NPY, somatostatin and VIP fibres, all particularly dense in the mucosa, largely arose from nerve cell bodies in the submucous plexus. The results of the present study indicate that chemically specified neuronal populations in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig are more similar to the distal colon than the ileum, but that neuro-chemical and anatomical differences exist between the proximal and distal colon.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical analysis of neurons and their projections in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig. 751 May 7

The distribution, colocalisation, and interconnections of nitrinergic and peptidergic neurons and nerves in the human oesophagus were examined. Cryosections of surgically resected tissues from eight subjects were studied with indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of 11 neuropeptides and neuron specific enolase. After immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide synthase was shown on the same sections with the beta nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemical reaction. The histochemical findings were verified immunohistochemically on other sections with an antiserum against nitric oxide synthase. Most myenteric neurons (55%) were nitrinergic. Most (96%) received terminations positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) (80%), and galanin (59%). The neuronal somata of 14% also contained VIP, while 10% had galanin. Of the NADPH-diaphorase containing fibers seen in the muscle layers, many had closely associated VIP and galanin, but only rarely CGRP and substance P. Thus, despite abundant representation of both peptidergic and nitrinergic systems in oesophageal smooth muscle, only VIP and galanin colocalised to any significant extent with the nitrinergic elements. These findings provide morphological support for the role of nitric oxide as the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory mediator in the human oesophagus and for its possible interactive role with the peptidergic system.
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PMID:Nitrinergic and peptidergic innervation of the human oesophagus. 753 Feb 28


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