Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The striatum and the mesencephalic dopamine neurons which innervate it, are each organized into developmentally and biochemically distinct compartments. Striatal patches, characterized in the neonate by high concentrations of opiate receptors and substance P, are innervated prenatally by fibers originating in one group of midbrain dopamine neurons, the ventral tier. By the third postnatal day, a dense dopamine projection from neurons in the dorsal tier of the mesostriatal group innervates non-patch areas of the striatum, i.e. the matrix, and is followed by the appearance there of neurotensin, somatostatin and calcium binding protein. We have recently observed that the period of establishment of connections between dorsal tier dopamine neurons and their target cells in the striatal matrix is accompanied by a surge in expression of the gene coding for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In order to determine the overall metabolic state of mesencephalic and striatal neurons during the period of up-regulation of TH gene expression, we have applied immunocytochemistry for neuron specific enolase (NSE), and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, known markers for neuronal activity, as well as TH immunohistochemistry to the mesencephalon and striatum of postnatally developing rats. At birth, both NSE and cytochrome oxidase were expressed almost exclusively in the patches, appearing in the matrix only after the 2nd postnatal day. Patches of NSE remained visible thru the 14th day. In the mesencephalon, cytochrome oxidase and immunoreactive NSE cells in adjacent sections, were present only in the pars reticulata (i.e. ventral tier). By day 8, both techniques identified nigral cells in the dorsal as well as ventral tiers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Temporal and compartmental restriction of neuron-specific enolase expression in the rat mesostriatal system. 133 Mar 70

90 primary breast carcinomas and 18 metastases were immunostained for c-erbB-2 protein and neuron specific enolase. 30 tumours were c-erbB-2 negative and NSE positive, 23 tumours were NSE negative and c-erbB-2 positive. 1 tumour expressed focal immunoreactivity for both markers. 54 of the 108 tumours (50%) did not express either marker. Hormone immunoreactivity was present in single cells and in small groups of cells in 18 of the 31 NSE positive tumours. Bombesin, neurotensin and prealbumin were present in 4 cases each, followed by beta-endorphin and VIP in 3 cases each, leu-enkephalin in 2 cases and gastrin, serotonin, substance P, glucagon and somatostatin in 1 case each. None of 10 NSE negative breast carcinomas were comprised of cells expressing immunoreactivity for hormones. By immunoelectron microscopic examination the c-erbB-2 protein was shown to be present on the cell membrane, on smooth areas, microvilli and in coated pits. Immunoreactivity was also expressed in vesicles in cytoplasm and along rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study shows that c-erbB-2 protein expression and neuroendocrine activity are present in different tumour cell populations. This supports the hypothesis that the presence of c-erbB-2 protein, indicating an elevated cellular tyrosine kinase activity with stimulation of growth, intracellular Ca++, and phosphatidylinositol derivates, means that the same cell does not need regulation of the same factors by stimulation of peptide hormone receptors. Thus the production of autocrine and paracrine factors is switched off.
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PMID:C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in breast carcinomas. 167 29

Endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic duck were identified immunocytochemically using antisera specific to bombesin, chromogranin A, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, glucagon, neuron specific enolase (NSE), neurotensin, secretin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Chromogranin A, 5-HT and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were widespread throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Bombesin immunoreactive cells were observed only in the proventriculus and the gizzard. CCK, substance P and neurotensin immunoreactive cells were present in the intestinal tracts from the duodenum to the colorectum. The latter were numerous also in the antrum. Gastrin cells were peculiar to the antrum but present also in the gizzard and small intestine. Glucagon immunoreactive cells were present in the jejunum-ileum and above all in the large intestine. Only few secretin cells were present in the duodenum. The highest frequency of endocrine cells was found in the antrum, while the lowest was observed in the caeca. Antisera to somatostatin and substance P showed numerous nerve cells and fibers besides endocrine cells, whereas NSE and VIP immunopositivity was found in the nervous structures only of the gut wall.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic duck. 168 96

A transurethral prostatic resection for prostatism in a 73 year old man showed a cluster of richly capillarised clear cells originally thought to be indicative of invasive carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out on this tissue specimen and three similar cases using a variety of antibodies--Neuron specific enolase, PGP 9.5, chromogranin, synaptophysin, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P, calcitonin, calcitonin gene related peptide, met-enkephalin, VIP, neurofilament, CAM 5.2, S100 protein, prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. The cellular foci were shown to be composed of paraganglionic cells. The cell clusters were well defined and predominantly comprised clear cells with scanty, fine eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in three cases. The cell nuclei were round to oval, moderately pleomorphic, with evenly dispersed dense chromatin. It is concluded that the presence of minute foci of paraganglial cells in the bladder wall and prostate gland may be misinterpreted as malignant because of their close association with nerves and their relative rarity. Immunohistochemical staining with neuroendocrine markers should dispel any doubt about their identity.
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PMID:Paraganglial cells of urinary bladder and prostate: potential diagnostic problem. 169 Feb 21

Antisera raised against neuron specific enolase (NSE), substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used to reveal nerve fibres in the wall of the canine small and large intestine. The circular muscle of the colon was innervated by nerve fibre bundles that ran parallel to the muscle throughout its thickness. A plexus of fibre bundles was found against the inner (submucosal) surface of the circular muscle. Fibres with substance P, VIP and TH immunoreactivity all contributed to this innervation. The circular muscle of the small intestine was distinctly separated into outer and inner layers by a dense plexus of nerve fibres, the deep muscular plexus. The outer and inner circular muscle were innervated by substance P, VIP and TH fibres. Extrinsic denervation through the severing of nerve fibres in the mesentery caused TH fibres in the intestine to degenerate, but had no detectable effect on the fibres with substance P or VIP immunoreactivity. Myectomy (the removal of the myenteric plexus from the full circumference of the intestine over a distance of 2-3 cm), performed 7-13 days before tissue was taken, resulted in an almost complete loss of substance P fibres from the circular muscle of the colon and the outer circular muscle of the small intestine. However, many fibres persisted in the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine, and most fibres remained in its inner circular muscle. The changes in distribution of VIP fibres were almost identical, except that a small proportion of reactive fibres remained in the circular muscle of the colon and the outer circular muscle of the small intestine. It is concluded that the circular muscle layers of the small intestine and colon have dual sources of intrinsic nerve supply: the myenteric ganglia supply fibres primarily to the outer part of the muscle and the submucous ganglia supply fibres to the inner muscle. The present study further demonstrated that VIP fibres ran anally in the myenteric plexus of both the small and large intestine, whereas substance P fibres ran orally in the large intestine and both orally and anally in the small intestine. The innervation of the muscularis mucosae and mucosa by substance P and VIP fibres was not affected by myectomy or extrinsic denervation, and these structures are therefore likely to be innervated by nerve cells in the submucous ganglia.
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PMID:Projections of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve fibres in the canine intestine, with special reference to the innervation of the circular muscle. 169 12

The arrangement of the enteric nerve plexuses in the colon of the guinea-pig and the distributions and projections of chemically specified neurons in this organ have been studied. Immunoreactivity for neuron specific enolase was used to examine the total population of neurons and individual subpopulations were studied using antibodies raised against calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), leu-enkephalin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), galanin, gamma aminobutyric acid, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Neuronal pathways within the colon were lesioned using myotomy and myectomy operations and extrinsic pathways running between the inferior mesenteric ganglia and the colon were also severed. Each of the antibodies revealed nerve cells and nerve fibres or only nerve fibres within the wall of the colon. VIP, galanin and GRP were in anally projecting pathways in the myenteric plexus, as they are in other species. In contrast, there are differences in the projection directions of enkephalin, substance P, NPY and somatostatin nerve fibres between regions and species. Surprisingly, somatostatin and NPY fibres have opposite projections in the small intestine and colon of the guinea-pig. The majority of nerve fibres that innervate the circular muscle, including fibres with immunoreactivity for VIP, enkephalin, substance P, NPY, galanin and GRP come from the myenteric ganglia. The mucosa is innervated by fibres from both the myenteric and submucous ganglia. The present results suggest that the guinea-pig distal colon is a suitable place in which to determine relations between structure, neurochemistry and functions of enteric neural circuits.
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PMID:Projections of chemically-specified neurons in the guinea-pig colon. 170 5

22 gastric carcinomas (13 intestinal type and nine diffuse type) were immunostained for neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, Leu-7 and a panel of fifteen different peptide hormones. Five out of the 13 tumours of intestinal type and four out of the nine diffuse carcinomas expressed immunoreactivity for one or more of the pan endocrine markers. Seven out of the 13 tumours of intestinal type and five out of the nine diffuse carcinomas also expressed immunoreactivity for gastrin (3), ACTH (3), serotonin (7) and calcitonin (7). Immunoreactivity for somatostatin (1) and substance P (1) were also seen in two tumours of intestinal type. Seven out of 18 cases with benign mucosa adjacent to the tumours expressed a focal immunoreactivity for chromogranin (6), serotonin (6), gastrin (5) and calcitonin (1). All hormone-producing tumours also expressed immunoreactivity for carcino-embryonic antigen. Our results confirm that a high proportion of gastric carcinomas are hormone producing.
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PMID:Endocrine profile in gastric carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study. 172 59

Hirschsprung's disease (Megacolon congenitum) is characterized by a sustained contraction of a segment of the large intestine and a consequent enlargement of the preceding gut segment. Morphologically, Hirschsprung's disease is characterized by an absence of neuronal cell bodies in the intramural ganglia of the contracted segment. An additional characteristic finding is the presence of enlarged nerve trunks in the submucosa and in the layer separating the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. These nerve trunks contain abundant acetylcholine esterase (AChE)-positive nerve fibers. The nerve fiber hyperplasia together with an increased amount of acetylcholine as well as AChE activity in the aganglionic segment suggests a cholinergic hyperinnervation. There are other reports claiming an adrenergic hyperinnervation in the aganglionic segment. Recent studies on the peptidergic innervation of the afflicted intestinal segment have demonstrated marked reduction in the density of nerve fibers storing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), enkephalin and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). The frequency of nerve fibers storing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and galanin seems less affected. Interestingly, nerve fibers storing neuropeptide Y (NPY) are more frequent than normally in the aganglionic segment, the circular muscle being penetrated by numerous NPY-containing nerve fibers. Thus, neuropeptides have turned out to be interesting and promising new markers in the histochemical diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Other possibilities for the histochemical diagnosis includes the immunocytochemical demonstration of general neuronal markers such as neurospecific enolase (NEC), neurofilament and chromogranins. Techniques demonstrating the cholinergic and adrenergic hyperinnervation in the aganglionic intestine such as AChE staining and staining for adrenergic nerves are also of interest for the diagnosis.
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PMID:Neuronal markers in Hirschsprung's disease with special reference to neuropeptides. 208 Feb 35

This study was aimed at providing new knowledge on the pathology of Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) with some recently developed techniques and hence contributing to the understanding of its unsolved aetiology. Biopsy specimens of the pylorus were obtained from 15 children with IHPS at operation and 6 normal children at autopsy and compared as follows: (a) the presence or absence of muscle hyperplasia in IHPS was studied with special chromatin stain. No mitotic figures were observed in 10,000 cells screened; (b) Using the Schneider procedure, specimens from IHPS showed 1.47 +/- 0.09 mg DNA/g wet tissue (mean +/- SEM) compared with 2.38 +/- 0.18 mg DNA/g wet tissue in normal, defining the magnitude of muscular hypertrophy objectively to be in the region of 1.62 times normal; (c) Cholinesterase staining revealed adequate density of ganglia with no gross distortion of morphology in IHPS; (d) Immunocytochemical study with the marker neurone-specific-enolase confirmed that ganglia in IHPS were mature; (e) Immunocytochemical study with substance P revealed rich peptidergic innervation of the normal pylorus and a relative paucity in IHPS. This was interpreted as a phenomenon of exhaustion of substance P-neurones in IHPS. In conclusion, IHPS is a true muscle hypertrophy with little or no hyperplasia. The cholinergic ganglia are adequate and neural elements in general are sufficiently mature. The novel idea of possible disturbances of peptidergic innervation contributing to its aetiology has received some support.
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PMID:Observations and perspectives of the pathology and possible aetiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis--a histological, biochemical, histochemical and immunocytochemical study. 241 61

Human enteric innervation was studied immunochemically with neuron-specific-enolase (NSE), a specific neurone marker indicative of differentiation, and substance P, a potent member of the family of neuropeptides. By examining various levels of the gut in 28 normal human fetuses of gestational ages 9 to 21 weeks, we showed that enteric neurones as a whole, as well as peptidergic neurones in particular, followed a dual gradient of development proceeding from each end to the middle of the gut. This suggests the need for caution in accepting the hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease based on the concept of a single craniocaudal gradient of enteric neuronal development. In studies of six infants with Hirschsprung's disease, NSE immunostaining was found to be potentially useful for diagnostic purposes. NSE activity suggested that the hypertrophied nerve bundles in aganglionic bowel were metabolically active and functionally mature. Substance P-immunoreactivity was decreased in both aganglionic and distal ganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease, suggesting that substance P-nerves were more extensively affected developmentally than other enteric neurones. In 28 infants with pyloric stenosis (IHPS), the presence of intense NSE activity in the ganglia in the pylorus suggested that these neurones were neither immature nor severely degenerated. A decrease in substance P immunoreactivity in IHPS suggested possible involvement of peptidergic innervation in the pathogenesis of IHPS.
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PMID:An immunochemical study with neuron-specific-enolase and substance P of human enteric innervation--the normal developmental pattern and abnormal deviations in Hirschsprung's disease and pyloric stenosis. 242 Sep 55


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