Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neuronal population of dorsal root ganglia in mouse consists of various classes of ganglion cells which may be divided in turn into subclasses by using several criteria. In class A cells, membrane-bound organelles are distributed ubiquitously throughout the large perikarya. Subclass A alpha (12%), which is characterized by large clumps of Nissl substance separated by narrow strands of neuroplasm, lacks detectable carbonic anhydrase activity. Subclass A beta (16%) displays small clusters of Nissl substance isolated by broad channels of neuroplasm and a moderate activity of carbonic anhydrase. Subclass A gamma (8%) shows the most intense carbonic anhydrase activity and a lack of uptake for [3H]L-glutamine. In class B cells (63%), the small perikarya display a zonal distribution of the organelles. Subclass B alpha contains parallel cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and acid phosphatase isoenzymes present in long and curved Golgi saccules. Subclass B beta displays straight Golgi saccules rich in acid phosphatase isoenzymes and a high affinity uptake for glutamine. Subclass B gamma is characterized by the absence of acid phosphatase isoenzymes and by the presence of substance P-immunoreactivity. Class C cells (1%) have the smallest size and the highest affinity uptake for glutamine. Thus subtypes of primary sensory ganglion cells may be identified by the concomitant use of multiple criteria.
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PMID:Neuronal subpopulations in the dorsal root ganglion of the mouse as characterized by combination of ultrastructural and cytochemical features. 241 65

Counts performed on dissociated cell cultures of E10 chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed after 4-6 days of culture a pronounced decline of the neuronal population in neuron-enriched cultures and a net gain in the number of ganglion cells in mixed DRG cell cultures (containing both neurons and nonneuronal cells). In the latter case, the increase in the number of neurons was found to depend on NGF and to average 119% in defined medium or 129% in horse serum-supplemented medium after 6 days of culture. The lack of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the neuronal population indicated that the newly formed ganglion cells were not generated by proliferation. On the contrary, the differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts present in the nonneuronal cell compartment was supported by sequential microphotographs of selected fields taken every hour for 48-55 hr after 3 days of culture. Apparently nonneuronal flat dark cells exhibited morphological changes and gradually evolved into neuronal ovoid and refringent cell bodies with expanding neurites. The ultrastructural organization of these evolving cells corresponded to that of primitive or intermediate neuroblasts. The neuronal nature of these rounding up cell bodies was indeed confirmed by the progressive expression of various neuronal cell markers (150 and 200-kDa neurofilament triplets, neuron specific enolase, and D2/N-CAM). Besides a constant lack of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, parvalbumin, and calbindin-D 28K and a lack of cytoenzymatic activity for carbonic anhydrase, all the newly produced neurons expressed three main phenotypic characteristics: a small cell body, a strong immunoreactivity to MAG, and substance P. Hence, ganglion cells newly differentiated in culture would meet characteristics ascribed to small B sensory neurons and more specifically to a subpopulation of ganglion cells containing substance P-immunoreactive material.
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PMID:Differentiation of postmitotic neuroblasts into substance P-immunoreactive sensory neurons in dissociated cultures of chick dorsal root ganglion. 243 96

This study shows that quail neural crest cells can differentiate in vitro into sensory-like neuroblasts. The putative sensory neuroblasts were large and spherical, possessing large diameter, bipolar or pseudo-unipolar, long processes that lacked multiple varicosities characteristic of autonomic neurons. They bound HNK-1, a monoclonal antibody against a cell surface epitope expressed by early neural crest cells but not by young neural tube-derived cells. Many of the sensory-like neuroblasts had substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity. Some exhibited histochemical carbonic anhydrase activity; carbonic anhydrase is shown in this study to stain a subpopulation of spinal sensory neurons in adult quail and embryos 9 days and older, whereas ventral root axons and neurons in sympathetic ganglia are non-reactive at all ages. Double staining indicated that unlike the multipolar neuroblasts developing in the same cultures, SP-like immunoreactive neuroblasts do not contain detectable levels of tyrosine hydroxylase or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Finally, the neuronal nature of the cultured sensory-like neuroblasts was further documented by double labeling for antibodies against the 68 kDa neurofilament polypeptide and substance P.
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PMID:In vitro differentiation of quail neural crest cells into sensory-like neuroblasts. 245 2

Rat trigeminal neurons innervating tooth pulps were retrogradely labelled with fluorogold and analysed enzyme- and immunohistochemically for their content of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase, GM 1 ganglioside, carbonic anhydrase and neurofilament protein. The data showed that both small, medium-sized and large trigeminal neurons were labelled after fluorogold deposition in maxillary molar pulps, with a majority of the cells being medium-sized and large. Less than 2% of the pulpal neurons showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. Fifty-six per cent of the pulpal nerve cells were calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive. These cells were small, medium-sized and large. Only 1% of the fluorogold-labelled cells contained fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase enzyme activity. This paralleled the finding that the pulpal neurons were unstained by Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin I-B4, a plant lectin which preferentially binds to fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells. Choleragenoid-like immunoreactivity, which identifies cells with the GM 1 ganglioside receptor, was found in 70% of the fluorogold-labelled pulpal neurons. Approximately 80% of the fluorogold-labelled cells showed RT 97-immunoreactivity. RT 97 labels neurofilament protein and is present in large light primary sensory neurons. No pulpal neurons appeared to contain carbonic anhydrase, as judged from both enzyme- and immunocytochemical observations. The findings suggest that, in the rat, trigeminal tooth pulp neurons, which according to the classical view are nociceptive, form a heterogeneous group of neurons with a minority of small cells which may contain calcitonin gene-related peptide but rarely either substance P or fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase. However, the vast majority of pulpal nerve cells appear to have sizes and cytochemical characteristics which are not generally associated with nociceptive primary sensory neurons.
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PMID:Combined retrograde tracing and enzyme/immunohistochemistry of trigeminal ganglion cell bodies innervating tooth pulps in the rat. 248 Dec 44

Localization of GM1 ganglioside, the receptor for cholera toxin, and choleragenoid, which is the binding subunit of cholera toxin, was studied in the rat L5 dorsal root ganglion. Sections were incubated with choleragenoid and treated immunocytochemically. Choleragenoid-like immunoreactive cells were then examined for possible co-localization with carbonic anhydrase-like, RT 97 (antibody to neurofilament proteins), substance P-like, somatostatin-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) activity, using adjacent sections. A subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion neurons exhibited choleragenoid-like immunoreactivity. The majority of these were medium-sized and large neurons. The strongest immunoreactivity was found in the area of the plasma membrane, but strong reactivity was also seen in the cytoplasm. The majority of the choleragenoid-like immunoreactive cells showed carbonic anhydrase-like and RT 97 immunoreactivity. Cells showing co-localization of choleragenoid-like and neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity or activity for FRAP were rarely observed. Our results suggest that the GM1 receptor is localized primarily on carbonic anhydrase-containing and RT 97-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence for the localization of the GM1 ganglioside in carbonic anhydrase-containing and RT 97-immunoreactive rat primary sensory neurons. 249 5

Although the bowel is known to contain intrinsic primary afferent neurons with mucosal projections these cells have not been identified. The current study was undertaken to determine whether carbohydrate differentiation antigens or enzymatic markers common to primary sensory neurons could be found in enteric neurons. Subpopulations of sensory neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) can be identified by the immunocytochemical detection of lactoseries and globoseries carbohydrate differentiation antigens with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and by the histochemical demonstration of carbonic anhydrase (CA)- or fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) activities; therefore, these markers, and their coincident expression with neuropeptides, were studied in neurons of the rat small intestine. Subsets of enteric neurons were demonstrated by a MAb (1B2/1B7) recognizing greater than 45%, and by a MAb (alpha-SSEA-1) recognizing less than 0.1%, of DRG neurons, as well as by CA, but not FRAP activity. 1B2/1B7+ neurons were found in both the submucosal (approximately 46% of neurons) and myenteric plexuses (approximately 2% of neurons). Submucosal 1B2/1B7+ neurons with mucosal projections also displayed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) but not substance P (SP) or calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivities. SSEA-1+ neurons were only found in the myenteric plexus, did not project to the mucosa (and thus are unlikely to be primary afferents), and were SOM+ or ENK+ but VIP- and NPY-. CA activity was intense in approximately 39% of the neurons of the submucosal plexus and in mucosal nerve fibers. Some (approximately 20%) of the submucosal CA neurons were also CGRP+, but VIP- and NPY-; therefore, MAb 1B2/1B7 and CA activity mark different nonoverlapping sets of submucosal neurons. Following the neonatal administration of capsaicin (50 mg/kg), 1B2/1B7 immunoreactivity was lost from all submucosal neurons; however, VIP immunoreactivity was not depleted from the cell bodies. Although it cannot yet be concluded that the MAb 1B2/1B7 or CA markers demonstrate the intrinsic sensory neurons of the gut, the presence in the bowel of both is consistent with the supposition that sensory neurons related to those of DRG are also found in the intestine. The functional and possible developmental significance of this relationship remains to be defined.
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PMID:Markers shared between dorsal root and enteric ganglia. 314 49

Rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurones projecting to the nucleus gracilis in the brainstem were retrogradely labelled with Fluoro-Gold and analysed immunocytochemically for their expression of substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin-, galanin message-associated peptide-, neuropeptide Y-, nitric oxide synthase- and carbonic anhydrase-like immunoreactivity as well as affinity to Griffonia (bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin I--isolectin B4, RT97 and to choleragenoid. The analysis was made both in uninjured rats and in rats which had been subjected to unilateral sciatic nerve transection and partial resection 3 weeks earlier. The data showed that 6% of the L4 and L5 lumbar dorsal root ganglion cells that projected to the nucleus gracilis showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. Following nerve injury, none of the nucleus gracilis-projecting dorsal root ganglion cells showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. Nineteen per cent of the investigated cell population showed calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in uninjured rats, but no nucleus gracilis-projecting calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells were found after nerve injury. Galanin- and galanin message-associated peptide-like immunoreactivity were found in 2% and 3%, respectively, of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cell population normally and in 22% and 14%, respectively, after injury. No neuropeptide Y-positive cells were found in the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cell population normally, but after nerve injury, 96% of this population became neuropeptide Y-positive. Nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was found in 2% of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells normally and in 10% after injury. Two per cent of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells in the normal cases were stained by Griffonia (bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin I--isolectin B4. After injury, however, no such double labelling was found. Thirty-four per cent of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cell population was carbonic anhydrase positive normally, and 42% after injury. Seventy-five per cent of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells showed RT97 immunoreactivity normally and 12% after injury. Choleragenoid-like immunoreactivity was found in 99% of the Fluoro-Gold-labelled dorsal root ganglion cells normally and 81% after injury. Immunohistochemical visualisation of choleragenoid transganglionically transported from the injured sciatic nerve combined with neuropeptide Y immunocytochemistry showed that primary afferent fibres and terminals in the nucleus gracilis contain neuropeptide Y following peripheral nerve transection. Taken together, the results indicate that peripherally axotomised nucleus gracilis-projecting neurones undergo marked alterations in their cytochemical characteristics, which may be significant for the structural and functional plasticity of this system after injury.
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PMID:The expression of different cytochemical markers in normal and axotomised dorsal root ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus gracilis in the adult rat. 749 88

Neurotrophin-3-deficient (NT-3-deficient) mice were generated by gene targeting. Mutant mice displayed severe movement defects of the limbs, and most died shortly after birth. Substantial portions of peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons were lost while motor neurons were not affected. Significantly, spinal proprioceptive afferents and their peripheral sense organs (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) were completely absent in homozygous mutant mice. This correlated with a loss of parvalbumin and carbonic anhydrase-positive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion. No gross abnormalities were seen in Pacinian corpuscles, cutaneous afferents containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and deep nerve fibers in the joint capsule and tendon. Importantly, the number of muscle spindles in heterozygous mutant mice was half of that in control mice, indicating that NT-3 is present at limiting concentrations in the embryo.
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PMID:Lack of neurotrophin-3 leads to deficiencies in the peripheral nervous system and loss of limb proprioceptive afferents. 751 2

The cell body size of primary neurons were measured in the trigeminal (TG) and lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) monochrome-stained for calretinin (CR)-like immunoreactivity. A trichrome stain for CR, carbonic anhydrase (CA) and tachykinin (TK) was also employed to estimate possible overlap of cellular distribution of these substances. In the DRG, the cell size spectrum of CR-positive cells was clearly bimodal; a greater proportion (84.1%) of CR-positive cells was distributed in the range > or = 800 microns2 with a mode between 1,500-1,600 microns2, while a smaller proportion (14.8%) < 700 microns2 with a mode of 400-500 microns2. They were evenly distributed throughout the DRG. Although CR-positive TG neurons were smaller than similar DRG neurons, a bimodal distribution pattern remained unchanged. 94.6% of CR-positive cells measured 100-1,400 microns2 with peak ranges of 200-300 microns2 and 400-500 microns2. Most of CR-positive cells in the ophthalmic division were 400 microns2 or larger and small CR-positive cells (< 400 microns2) were concentrated in the maxillary and mandibular divisions. Most of CR-positive DRG cells showed CA activity (76.5%), while those with TK-immunoreactivity were rare (7.2%). In the TG, 38.4% of CR-positive cells were TK-positive. They were mostly smaller than 800 microns2. On the other hand, CA was detected in 43.4% of CR-positive TG cells. Most of the TG cells co-expressing CR and CA were 400 microns2 or larger. Simultaneous co-expression of TK and CA by the CR-positive cells was negligible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia of the rat. 769 Jun 67

The effect of thiazide diuretics on neurally and agonist-induced contractile responses of guinea pig airways in vitro were investigated. Tracheal or bronchial strips were suspended in organ baths and isometric tension recorded. Chlorothiazide (CTZ, 10(-4) to 3 x 10(-3) M), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, 10(-3) M), and dichlorphenamide (DCPM, 10(-3) M) significantly potentiated contraction of tracheal strips induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS). They also increased acetylcholine (ACh)- but not carbachol-induced tracheal contraction. In the presence of atropine and propranolol, on the other hand, CTZ and DCPM but not HCTZ significantly inhibited EFS-induced contraction in bronchial strips. We determined whether carbonic anhydrase inhibition could mimic the effects of CTZ and DCPM. Acetazolamide (ATZ), an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, had no effect on either EFS- or ACh-induced contraction in tracheal strips but significantly inhibited nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) contractile responses induced by EFS in bronchial strips. CTZ, DCPM, and ATZ did not affect substance P-induced contractile responses in the bronchi. We conclude that CTZ, DCPM, and ATZ attenuate NANC neurally mediated bronchial contraction by preventing the release of contractile neuropeptides from sensory nerve endings. This effect may occur through inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity. In addition, thiazide diuretics potentiate contractile responses to ACh in the trachea, probably through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity.
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PMID:Effect of thiazide diuretics against neurally mediated contraction of guinea pig airways. Contribution of carbonic anhydrase. 769 74


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