Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have examined the location of basal forebrain cells projecting to the region of the nuclei gemini in the caudolateral hypothalamus of the rat using retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Since many tracer-positive neurons were identified in ventral pallidal areas known to project to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, we also prepared several animals with wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections in mediodorsal thalamus. Many of the sections from both groups of animals were subsequently prepared for the demonstration of ventral pallidal regions, using either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase as a pallidal marker. Some animals received injections of different retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers in the mediodorsal thalamus and the nuclei gemini for the purpose of studying potential axon collateralization. The large gemini-projecting cells are diffusely scattered within the medial forebrain bundle area, from the caudal margin of the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band to the rostral tip of the olfactory tubercle, and with a concentration of cells in the lateral part of the medial forebrain bundle region. Gemini-projecting cells were not found in the olfactory tubercle proper, including the islands of Calleja complexes, or in the ventral pallidal areas located dorsal to the medial forebrain bundle area underneath the lateral extension of the anterior commissure. Gemini-projecting cells within ventral pallidal areas were observed only in regions where the longitudinal fascicles of the medial forebrain bundle interdigitate with the rostroventral extension of the ventral pallidum. Anterogradely-labeled fiber plexuses in the region of the nuclei gemini were observed following injection of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin or Fluoro-Ruby into the forebrain regions containing retrogradely-labeled neurons following nuclei gemini injections of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. We found no evidence of cells with axonal projections to both mediodorsal thalamus and nuclei gemini. The gemini-projecting cells are generally large, triangular and plump, and the electron microscopic picture of gemini-projecting neurons is the same regardless of whether the cells are located in pallidal or non-pallidal areas.
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PMID:The basal forebrain projection to the region of the nuclei gemini in the rat; a combined light and electron microscopic study employing horseradish peroxidase, fluorescent tracers and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. 235 48

An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus. The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. 241 88

An optic nerve section of the right eye of rat pups was carried out and the retina of the left and right eyes analyzed eight weeks later. Immunocytochemical studies for the localization of tyrosine-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase and substance P in amacrine cells revealed no qualitative differences in the distribution of the cell bodies or dendrites for the right and left retinas. Biochemical analysis showed a higher level of choline acetyltransferase, dopamine and glutamate decarboxylase in the right than in the left retina, though the glutamate decarboxylase difference was statistically insignificant. The biochemical difference is thought to reflect the differences in the protein or wet weight content of the retinas due to degeneration of the ganglion cells. It is concluded that destruction of the ganglion cells has no obvious effect upon the development or survival of some classes of amacrine cells.
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PMID:Effect of neonatal optic nerve transection on some classes of amacrine cells in the rat retina. 241 58

We have developed procedures for dissociating neurons from the myenteric plexus of the small intestine of newborn rats and for growing those neurons in cell cultures for up to 3 months. Neurons in these cultures retain many of the differentiated properties of myenteric neurons in vivo. This is the first of a series of 3 papers describing those properties. In this paper, we describe the morphology of cultured neurons that we have observed with light and electron microscopy; we also describe the patterns of straining observed when immunocytochemical techniques were used to localize neurotransmitter candidates in the cultured neurons. Intracellular injections of a fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow, revealed that many of the cultured neurons had morphologies similar to those of myenteric neurons in vivo. When thin sections of cultures were viewed in an electron microscope, many neurons were observed to have numerous small (40-60 nm), clear synaptic vesicles and/or large (80-150 nm), opaque-cored (p-type) vesicles. Synaptic profiles were most often observed on neuronal somata. Neurons containing immunoreactive serotonin, substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, bombesin and gastrin/cholecystokinin were observed in about the same proportions as they occur in the intact myenteric plexus. Neurons containing immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were found in higher numbers than reported in vivo. Neurons containing immunoreactive neurotensin, secretin and glutamate decarboxylase were not observed. An antiserum directed against choline acetyltransferase stained 40-50% of the neurons. We conclude that myenteric neurons continue to express much of their normal differentiated properties even when they are removed from the gut, dissociated into a suspension of single cells and grown in culture. Such cultures will be useful for correlating the morphological, biophysical, pharmacological and synaptic properties of individual myenteric neurons and for testing the ability of altered environmental conditions to change those properties.
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PMID:Neurons dissociated from rat myenteric plexus retain differentiated properties when grown in cell culture. I. Morphological properties and immunocytochemical localization of transmitter candidates. 242 14

The normal morphology, efferent projections and possible neurotransmitter content of neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (caudal magnocellular nuclei of Bleier et al.) [Bleier, Cohn and Siggelkow (1979) In Anatomy of the Hypothalamus, Vol. 1, pp. 137-220] have been examined in the adult male rat. In Nissl-stained sections, the nucleus can be divided into a dorsomedial, ventral and diffuse part, each of which consists of large, darkly stained neurons cradling the mammillary body. The ventral part is by far the largest and consists of some 2500 neurons on each side of the brain. Immunohistochemical studies indicate that a majority of the large neurons in all three parts of the nucleus stain with antisera against glutamate decarboxylase and [Met]enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 heptapeptide and that a smaller subset of these neurons (about 10%) also stain with an antiserum against substance P. Single injections of retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers were made into 18 different sites in 86 animals and the results indicate that all three parts of the tuberomammillary nucleus on one side of the brain send fibers to or through various parts of the neocortex, hippocampal formation, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, superior colliculus and cerebellum on both sides of the brain and that the projection neurons are not organized in a highly topographic way. Injections of two different fluorescent tracers in the same animal indicate that individual neurons in the nucleus may give rise to both ascending and descending projections, as well as projections to widely divergent parts of the forebrain. Together with previous results, this evidence suggests that the tuberomammillary nucleus has widespread projections to the numerous brain structure located in the forebrain and in the caudal medulla (it may not project to the spinal cord), and that its axons may release a mixture of neuroactive substances including gamma-amino butyrate and several peptides. Although its functional significance remains to be investigated, morphological evidence suggests that the tuberomammillary nucleus may constitute one of a series of neurotransmitter-specific cell groups in the brainstem and basal forebrain with diffuse efferent projections that may be involved in the modulation of attention or behavioral state, rather than the processing of specific sensory or motor information.
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PMID:The cytoarchitecture, histochemistry and projections of the tuberomammillary nucleus in the rat. 242 18

We have examined the populations of neurons in the neostriatum of both rat and cat that are immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase, [Leu]enkephalin, [Met]enkephalin and substance P. Neurons that were immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase made up 47% of the neurons in our samples from the rat and ranged from 39 to 49% of the neurons in the cat. Those immunoreactive for [Leu]enkephalin made up 44-49% of the neurons in rat neostriatum, and 38-47% in the cat, and those immunoreactive for [Met]enkephalin made up 36-41% of the neurons in rat and 43-49% of the neurons in the cat. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons made up 30-38% of neurons in rat and 32-39% in cat. Most substance P neurons (particularly the most darkly staining ones) were, however, clustered such that they were most numerous in the patch compartment of neostriatum; within the patches the substance P neurons comprised 59% of neurons in the rat and 55% in cat, but in the matrix substance P neurons comprised only 32% of neurons in the rat and 25% in the cat. Samples taken from sections processed for two-color double labeling immunocytochemistry revealed that 12% of neurons label for both glutamate decarboxylase and [Leu]enkephalin, 12% for both glutamate decarboxylase and [Met]enkephalin, 11-12% for both glutamate decarboxylase and substance P, and 17% for both [Met]enkephalin and substance P. These results provide evidence for chemical heterogeneity within the medium-sized neostriatal neurons, and provide the first evidence for coexistence of glutamate decarboxylase and substance P within a single neuron, and the first evidence for the coexistence for substance P and [Met]enkephalin within single neurons of the central nervous system.
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PMID:The glutamate decarboxylase-, leucine enkephalin-, methionine enkephalin- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the rat and cat: evidence for partial population overlap. 242 19

A method of perfusion-fixation of the human brain is described and compared with immersion-fixation by immunoperoxidase staining for several substances (tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, choline acetyltransferase, glutamate decarboxylase, Met-enkephalin, and neuron-specific enolase) in human striatum. Results from 1-cm slices fixed by immersion for 1, 2, 4 and 8 days were compared with results from slices of perfused brain postfixed for the same time periods. The fixative used in all steps was 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 degrees C. In the immersion-fixed brains, optimal immunoreaction for tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase was limited to a depth of 1-2 mm from the surface of the brain slice. In contrast, staining density in perfusion-fixed brains was relatively homogeneous and of high quality. The other antigens studied displayed more uniform staining throughout the section with both perfused and immersed brains. Investigators intending to study human brain immunohistochemistry using immersion-fixation should be aware of the possibility of depth-related variations in staining intensity and would be wise to determine whether this effect is significant for the antigens they choose to study.
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PMID:Perfusion-fixation of the human brain for immunohistochemistry: comparison with immersion-fixation. 243 8

In adult rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxy-dopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, grafts of embryonic ventral mesencephalon can establish extensive efferent connections with the previously denervated host neostriatum and can compensate for motor and sensorimotor asymmetries induced by the lesion. The object of this study was to examine the afferent synaptic inputs to grafted dopaminergic neurons, implanted into a cortical cavity overlying the previously denervated caudate-putamen, using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The dopaminergic neurons of the grafts in the same animals had previously been shown to re-innervate the host neostriatum, to form synaptic connections therein and to attenuate the lesion-induced motor asymmetry that occurred in response to amphetamine (Freund et al. 1985). In the light microscope, the grafts were found to contain numerous tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive perikarya, dendrites, axons and axonal swellings which had distinct distributions. In addition axons and axonal swellings that were immunoreactive for either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase were present. Electron microscopic analysis of the boutons contacting tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the grafts revealed the presence of at least five distinct types of afferent synaptic boutons based on their immunochemistry, morphology, or types of membrane specialization. One type was itself immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase; such synapses are extremely rare in the intact substantia nigra, none were found in the contralateral substantia nigrae or the substantia nigra of a control rat. Three of the remaining types had ultrastructural features that were similar to synaptic terminals that were immunoreactive for substance P or glutamate decarboxylase. These synapses were similar to the types of synapses found contacting dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra contralateral to the graft or the substantia nigra of a control rat. The results demonstrate that, in the absence of the normal extrinsic afferent inputs, the intracortical mesencephalic grafts have a well-developed local synaptic circuitry. It is suggested that local circuit regulation of dopaminergic neurons within the graft may, at least in part, be responsible for the maintenance of a normal or close to normal functional activity.
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PMID:Synaptic input and local output of dopaminergic neurons in grafts that functionally reinnervate the host neostriatum. 244 2

The presence and localization of different neuropeptides and other putative neurotransmitters or -modulators were examined by immunohistochemistry in the cochleovestibular end organs and in neurons innervating them in rats and guinea pigs. In the organ of Corti neural elements beneath inner hair cells showed immunoreactivity for enkephalin (ENK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), substance P (SP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Nerve chalices of type I vestibular hair cells contained SP and GAD, but not consistently. SP was only occasionally observed in neuronal cell bodies of the 8th cranial nerve but fine fibers with different neuroactive substances were seen in the nerve trunk in the following relative numbers: TH greater than SP greater than CGRP greater than ENK. The present data demonstrate the presence of several different neuroactive substances in the rat and guinea pig inner ear suggesting a multiplicity of neurotransmitters or -modulators in this system.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuroactive substances in the inner ear of rat and guinea pig. 256 57

The immunohistochemical localization of neuronal cell bodies and axons reactive for substance P (SP) and methionine-enkephalin (ME) was investigated in the corpus striatum of the adult cat brain and compared with that of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid. Striatal cell bodies reactive for ME could be identified only in colchicine treated cats, are medium size, ovoid striatal cells, and are found in large numbers in a more or less even distribution throughout the caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. The striatal region most densely occupied by ME-immunoreactive cells is the ventral and central part of the caudate head. Modest numbers of larger ME-reactive neurons are dispersed throughout the entopeduncular nucleus and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. Striatal cells of medium size reactive for SP could be identified, with or without colchicine, in largest numbers in the medial half of the caudal three-fourths of the putamen and in clusters of irregular size and shape in the head of the caudate nucleus. Cells reactive for SP are also common in layer II and the islands of Calleja of the olfactory tubercle. We could not reliably visualize GAD-positive cell bodies in the striatum, even with colchicine treatment; however, they could be seen readily in all pallidal structures such as the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra. Axons reactive for ME are found mainly in the globus pallidus where they form a dense and even network throughout the nucleus. The globus pallidus is almost devoid of SP reactivity except near its extreme caudal pole. Conversely, SP-immunoreactive axons form dense meshworks in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra where ME immunoreactivity is minimal. Fewer, but still ample numbers, of SP-reactive axons are present also in the ventral tegmental and retrorubral areas of the midbrain tegmentum and in the ventral pallidum of the basal forebrain, but only sparse ME-reactive axons are present in these areas. This differential distribution of SP- and ME-containing axons in the pallidal and nigral structures stands in contrast to the relatively homogeneous and dense distribution of GAD-containing axons throughout the dorsal and ventral pallidum, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunohistochemical demonstration of differential substance P-, met-enkephalin-, and glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-containing cell body and axon distributions in the corpus striatum of the cat. 257 80


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