Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Pivot Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Target Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (
substance P
)
21,176
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
Mice with a genetic disruption of the dopamine transporter (
DAT
-/-) exhibit locomotor hyperactivity and profound alterations in the homeostasis of the nigrostriatal system, e.g. a dramatic increase in the extracellular dopamine level. Here, we investigated the adaptive changes in dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptor gene expression in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens of
DAT
-/- mice. We used quantitative in situ hybridization and found that the constitutive hyperdopaminergia results in opposite regulations in the gene expression for the dopamine receptors. In
DAT
-/- mice, we observed increased mRNA levels encoding the D3 receptor (caudate putamen, +60-85%; nucleus accumbens, +40-107%), and decreased mRNA levels for both D1 (caudate putamen, -34%; nucleus accumbens, -45%) and D2 receptors (caudate putamen, -36%; nucleus accumbens, -33%). Furthermore, we assessed the phenotypical organization of the striatal efferent neurons by using double in situ hybridization. Our results show that in DAT+/+ mice, D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs are segregated in two different main populations corresponding to
substance P
and preproenkephalin A mRNA-containing neurons, respectively. The phenotype of D1 or D2 mRNA-containing neurons was unchanged in both the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens of
DAT
-/- mice. Interestingly, we found an increased density of preproenkephalin A-negative neurons that express the D3 receptor mRNA in the nucleus accumbens (core, +35%; shell, +46%) of
DAT
-/- mice. Our data further support the critical role for the D3 receptor in the regulation of D1-D2 interactions, an action being restricted to neurons coexpressing D1 and D3 receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
...
PMID:Differential regulation of the dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptor gene expression and changes in the phenotype of the striatal neurons in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. 1065 56
Poultry-litter biochar and Azolla as green manure amendments are reported to enhance paddy soil fertility and rice yields. However, whether their co-application in lowland rice paddies has synergistic effects and whether those benefits are accompanied by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of poultry-litter biochar (hereafter: biochar) and its co-application with Azolla as green manure (hereafter: Azolla), on the simultaneous methane (CH
4
) and nitrous oxide (N
2
O) emissions from a lowland paddy soil planted with rice during a single rice growing season in Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan. Biochar and Azolla amendments were applied once before rice was transplanted at a density of 20 t ha
-1
and 133.9 kg N ha
-1
, respectively. Compared with
NPK
,
NPK
+ biochar, and Azolla only treatments, Azolla and biochar co-application (i.e., Azolla + biochar) significantly increased CH
4
emissions by 33%-197.6% in the early stages of rice growth (before 63 days after transplanting,
DAT
), but did not significantly influence CH
4
emissions at both late rice growth stages (after 63
DAT
,) and whole rice growth period (112
DAT
). Conversely, Azolla + biochar significantly reduced N
2
O emissions by 83.0%-97.1% before 63
DAT
, and by 76.4%-95.9% during the whole rice growth period at 112
DAT
, with a significantly high interaction between biochar and fertilizer amendments. There were no significant N
2
O emission differences among all treatments after 63
DAT
. Additionally, Azolla + biochar significantly increased rice grain yield by 27.3%-75.0%, and consequently, decreased both yield-equivalent CH
4
emissions by 24.7%-25.0% and N
2
O emissions by 81.8%-97.7%. Our findings suggest that the co-application of poultry-litter biochar and Azolla as green manure offers a novel approach to increase rice yield while reducing the emissions of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases.
...
PMID:Co-application of poultry-litter biochar with Azolla has synergistic effects on CH
4
and N
2
O emissions from rice paddy soils. 3301 91
