Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Histological and immunohistochemical methods were used to study pelvic paraganglia in a series of human postnatal specimens ranging in age from 1 month to 6 y. Up to 5 months of age, many of the encapsulated paraganglia contained small pacinian-like sensory corpuscles which occurred either singly or in small clusters, implying an unknown functional interrelationship during this period. In older specimens, this intimate association was not observed since pacinian corpuscles and small nonencapsulated clusters of paraganglion cells were observed only as separate structures. It is suggested that the paraganglion cells may induce the formation of the pacinian corpuscles during fetal development. Immunohistochemistry using the nerve marker protein gene product (PGP 9.5) demonstrated a rich plexus of varicose nerve fibres within the paraganglia which may directly innervate the paraganglion cells and/or be associated with the profuse vascular supply. A similar density of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves was also demonstrated while some of the nerves contained calcitonin gene related peptide or substance P. The paraganglion cells stained positively for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y, but not for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. This combination of immunostaining confirms them as a rich source of noradrenaline.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of human postnatal paraganglia associated with the urinary bladder. 130 81

An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus. The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. 241 88

Immunoreactivity for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme involved in the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine, was present in the basal epidermis and upper dermis in 16 patients with psoriasis. The amount of immunoreactivity was increased tenfold in involved compared to uninvolved skin as characterized by computer-assisted image analysis. In skin from healthy volunteers no immunoreactivity could be found. In our subjects, no immunoreactivity was observed for the other catecholamine synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase; dopa-decarboxylase; dopamine-beta-hydroxylase), apart from single tyrosine hydroxylase positive adrenergic vascular nerves. Furthermore, in psoriasis, the immunoreactivity pattern of the peptides somatostatin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and bombesin was in agreement with skin from healthy volunteers.
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PMID:Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in psoriasis. An immunohistochemical study on catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides of the skin. 243 7

Substance P (SP) and catecholamines, particularly adrenaline, have been implicated in cardiovascular responses mediated by neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). Immunoperoxidase labeling of an antiserum against SP and/or immunoautoradiographic localization of catecholamine (tyrosine hydroxylase-TH)- or adrenaline (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-PNMT)-synthesizing enzymes were examined histologically to determine the cellular basis for a functional interaction involving either synaptic or intracellular relations between these putative transmitters in the adult rat RVL. Peroxidase labeling for SP was localized in perikarya, dendrites, and axon terminals. Most of these perikarya were located medial and ventral to those labeled with TH or PNMT within the same section. However, as others have previously demonstrated by light microscopy, colocalization of SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and PNMT was seen in a few perikarya of colchicine treated animals. Both single- and dual-labeled perikarya contained abundant dense core vesicles. The terminals with SPLI were 0.4-1.4 micron in diameter and contained a few mitochondria, a large population of small, clear vesicles, and from three to 11 large dense core vesicles. In some cases the terminals were seen in continuity with more proximal processes of neurons in the RVL. These terminals formed synapses with a few perikarya and many dendrites, some of which also contained SPLI. In the material dually labeled for TH and SP, terminals with SPLI (n = 32) formed synaptic junctions primarily with TH-labeled dendrites (69%); the remainder were with TH-labeled perikarya (6%) or with unlabeled dendrites (25%). The axosomatic junctions were exclusively symmetric, whereas the majority of axodendritic junctions were primarily asymmetric on small dendrites (0.8-1.0 micron in diameter) or dendritic spines. In sections dually labeled for PNMT and SP, the terminals containing SPLI (n = 37) formed synaptic associations with PNMT-labeled perikarya (11%), PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites (59%), or with perikarya and dendrites lacking PNMT immunoreactivity (30%). The axosomatic junctions were all symmetric and most often associated with the spinous portion of the soma. The axodendritic junctions were primarily asymmetric and were found both on the spinous portion of the PNMT-labeled dendrites. In addition, both TH- and PNMT-labeled somata and dendrites received symmetric and asymmetric contacts from terminals lacking SPLI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Ultrastructural characterization of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in relation to neurons containing catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. 245 38

Synaptic interaction between parvicellular adrenergic neurons and substance P (SP) afferents in the caudal part of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) was demonstrated by the immunoelectron microscopic mirror method, using antisera against phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and SP. SP-immunoreactive (SP-IR) terminals formed synaptic contacts with PNMT-IR neurons. It is suggested that SP afferents directly affect parvicellular adrenergic neurons via synapse in the NTS.
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PMID:Parvicellular adrenergic neurons receive substance P-ergic inputs in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius of the rat. 246 39

Recent studies have demonstrated that the neurons of the lower brainstem that are responsible for maintaining normal levels of arterial pressure reside in a specific area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. In rat, the critical zone corresponds to a small region containing a subpopulation of the adrenergic C1 group, defined immunocytochemically by the presence of the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Neurons of this region (the C1 area), possibly including the adrenergic neurons, directly innervate preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, and are tonically active and sympathoexcitatory. The excitatory transmitter released into the spinal cord is unknown. The discharge of C1 area neurons is locked to the cardiac cycle and, in turn, leads to firing of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The C1 area neurons are inhibited by baroceptor input and mediate the vascular component of baroceptor reflexes. They also mediate somato-sympathetic pressor responses from skin and muscle and participate in reflex responses to hypoxia. The neurons are directly innervated by local neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, enkephalin, and substance P, all of which modulate arterial pressure. The C1 area is the site of the hypotensive actions of clonidine. Clonidine appears to act on imidazole receptors in the C1 area to lower arterial pressure. The natural ligand for these receptors may be a newly defined substance in brain, clonidine-displacing substance. Neurons of the C1 area appear to be the critical neuronal group governing the normal resting and reflex control of arterial pressure. They may play a critical role in the maintenance of elevated arterial pressure in hypertension and as a site of action of antihypertensive drugs.
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PMID:The C1 area of the brainstem in tonic and reflex control of blood pressure. State of the art lecture. 327 78

Most research on substance P deals with its presumed function in the nervous system. Both excitatory and inhibitory actions have been observed in pharmacological studies. For example, substance P has a dual action on nociception in mice: it produces analgesia or hyperalgesia, depending on the dose and on the individual sensitivity to pain. This is interpreted to mean that substance P is capable of normalizing responsiveness to pain. Thus substance P could be classified as a regulatory peptide, or 'regulide'. A similar normalizing action of substance P was found in stress-induced disorders of sleep, behaviour and blood pressure in rats. The mechanism of this normalizing action is not yet clear. The decrease in activity observed for dopamine beta-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in adrenal glands of rats treated with the peptide may serve as a preliminary hypothesis.
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PMID:Relation of substance P to stress and catecholamine metabolism. 618 76

Merkel cells (MCs) are specialized sensory cells widely distributed in the epithelia of vertebrates. A variable immunohistochemical pattern of neuronal and neurotransmitter markers has been demonstrated in MCs of several species including man. In the present study, we investigated the expression of neurochemical markers in a selected population of human cutaneous MCs by immunofluorescence. The structural neural proteins protein gene product 9.5 and neuron-specific enolase were found to be the most reliable markers for MC identification. Moreover, neurofilament immunoreactivity was shown in a small subset of epidermal MCs. Among the neurotransmitter markers, evidence for expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine isoleucine amide, neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A, galanin, substance P, somatostatin and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase was found. These immunoreactivities were highly variable as far as number of positive cells and staining intensity were concerned. The results indicate that a complex and heterogeneous immunophenotype can be expressed even within a homogeneous population of human MCs.
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PMID:Neurochemical markers in human cutaneous Merkel cells. An immunohistochemical investigation. 860 44

We hypothesized that the direct stimulus of the central chemoreceptor neurons is the CO2/H+-induced change in intracellular pH (pHi). If it is true, pHi responses during hypercapnic stimulation should be exhibited in the central chemoreceptor neurons in the ventral medullary surface (VMS) and some neurons in the CO2/H+ sensitive regions such as the nucleus tractus solitarii of the medial dorsal medulla (MDM). To test this hypothesis, the cultured VMS and MDM neurons (control) derived from one day-old neonate rats were labeled with H+-sensitive fluorescent indicator 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), and were exposed to perfusate of various pHs. The H+-sensitive neurons were determined by a rapid decrease in the intracellular BCECF fluorescence intensity. In almost all the MDM neurons (99.6%) and 94% of the VMS neurons, the intracellular BCECF fluorescence intensity remained unchanged when the extracellular pH (pHo) was decreased. In contrast, in 0.4% of the MDM neurons (8/1800) and in 6% of the VMS neurons (111/1800), the intracellular BCECF fluorescence intensity decreased when the pHo was decreased from 7.4 to 7.2. This subpopulation of MDM and VMS neurons were considered to be H+-sensitive neurons. The H+-sensitive neurons in the VMS showed positive immunoreactivity to glutamate (57%, 17/30) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (23%, 7/30), but no immunoreactivity to choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, somatostatin, serotonin and substance P. These results indicate that the H+-sensitive neurons are present specifically in the VMS, and are mainly glutamatergic and GABAergic.
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PMID:In vitro study of H+-sensitive neurons in the ventral medullary surface of neonate rats. 944 17

We aimed to clarify the topology and immunohistochemistry of CO2/H+-sensitive neurons in the ventral medullary surface (VMS), the central chemoreceptor area in rats. Inhalation of 3 and 7% CO2 in air significantly decreased pH in arterial blood and increased paCO2, which caused hyperpneic and tachypneic responses. Following inhalation of 3 and 7% CO2 in air for 5 min, the density of c-Fos-immunoreactive (IR) neurons increased stepwise not only in the 3rd-5th divisions of the VMS (between the caudal end of the nucleus corporis trapezoidei and the caudal end of the area postrema), but also in the rostroventromedial medulla (RVMM). Following inhalation of 7% CO2 in air for 5 min, glutamate-, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-, calcineurin- and cAMP-IR neurons were found not only in the VMS, but also in the RVMM. The topology of these neurons was similar to that of the c-Fos-IR neurons. No immunoreactivity was found for serotonin, substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, methionine-enkephalin, choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, NO-synthase, S-100, calbindin-D, calmodulin, or parvalbumin. The densities of c-Fos-, glutamate-, GAD-, calcineurin- and cAMP-IR neurons were almost zero in the 1st division of the VMS, but became higher along the 2nd-4th divisions of the VMS. Regression lines of the density against the 1st-4th divisions of the VMS were significantly linear. These results indicate that H+-sensitive neurons are common in the 4th-5th divisions of the VMS, and that they are glutamatergic, GABAergic, and containing calcineurin and cAMP.
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PMID:Topology and immunohistochemistry of proton-sensitive neurons in the ventral medullary surface of rats. 947 76


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