Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The motility of the avian oviduct is controlled by hormones and neurons, but little is microscopically known about a neural network in the oviduct. The present study was investigated to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the oviduct of the pigeon by histochemistry for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). The NADPH-d reaction was seen in the neurons and fibers. NADPH-d neurons were mainly distributed around the arterioles of the intermuscular tissue in the upper oviduct (infundibulum, magnum, and isthmus); in addition, NADPH-d neurons were also seen in the smooth muscle layers and lamina propria in the lower oviduct (uterus and vagina). NADPH-d neurons were found singly or in small groups of two-eight cell bodies. The number of NADPH-d neurons was smallest in the infundibulum, gradually increased toward the vagina. NADPH-d was also shown to be strongly positive in many neurons in the ganglia of the vaginal adventitia. Bundles of NADPH-d fibers ran in the smooth muscle layer, surrounded blood vessels, or connected with small groups of NADPH-d neurons by forming strands. Thin fibers branched from these bundles and constituted a finer network in the smooth muscle layer and lamina propria. Acetylcholinesterase staining in neurons and fibers showed a similar pattern of NADPH-d distribution in the oviduct. By double staining, 70 approximately 77% of neurons showed colocalization of NADPH-d and acetylcholinesterase in the uterus and vagina. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity stained only nerve fibers and were distributed largely around blood vessels in the oviduct. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene related peptide, galanin, methionine-enkephalin, substance P, or vasoactive intestinal peptide were found sparsely in the oviduct. These results demonstrate that nitrergic neurons make up a large subpopulation of intrinsic neurons that are closely associated with a cholinergic system in the pigeon oviduct, thus suggesting that nitric oxide and acetylcholine could be used to modify the relaxation of the avian oviduct.
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PMID:Innervation of the pigeon oviduct: correlation of NADPH diaphorase with acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptides. 1110 84

In this study we have demonstrated the presence of neuropeptide substance P (SP)and nonpeptide neurotransmiter NO (nitric oxide) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of rabbits. NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining was used for detection of NO and an immunohistochemical method for detection of substance P. A number of DRG cells were stained by SP- and NADPH-d reactions. The presence of SP and NADPH-diaphorase positive cells varied depending upon the spinal level of the DRG. Positively stained neurons were only small and intermediate in size. Cells of large diameter profiles showed no staining. Substance P immunoreactive cells were of brown and dark brown colour, the intensity of NADPH-d staining varied from light to very dark blue. In some DRG cells, there was very significant neuronal co-localization of immunoreactivity for SP and reactivity for NADPH-d. In summary, DRG cells appear to express diaphorase and substance P activity, and some of them show the presence of both neurotransmitters. Recent studies on the participation of NO in the regulation of SP release in the spinal cord suggest, that also in the DRG neurons there may be a close interaction between NO and SP.
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PMID:Expression of peptidergic and nitrergic structures in dorsal root ganglia of the rabbit. 1121 63

The motility of the avian cloaca is under neural control, but little is known about the neural network that accomplishes this function. This present study was designed to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesising neurons in the pigeon cloaca by enzyme histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). NADPH-d-positive staining was seen in the neurons and fibres in the cloaca. The highest density of nerve fibres was noted in the coprodeum and the lowest in the proctodeum. In the coprodeum, NADPH-d neurons were found singly, formed small groups of 2-10 neurons, or were seen in plexuses in the muscle layer, lamina propria, or around the arterioles. Several NADPH-d-positive neurons were also observed in the ganglia of the cloaca. NADPH-d fibres ran in the muscle layer, lamina muscularis mucosae and lamina propria, or surrounded blood vessels. The distribution pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-stained neurons and fibres in the cloaca was similar to that of NADPH-d. Double staining for NADPH-d and AChE showed colocalisation of the 2 enzymes in many neurons of the cloaca. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive nerve fibres originating outside the cloaca were also noted. In the urodeum and proctodeum, neurons or fibres positive for NADPH-d, AChE or TH were scattered in the lamina propria. Nerve fibres immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene related peptide, galanin, methionine-enkephalin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were found sparsely in the cloaca. Our results demonstrate that nitrergic neurons constitute a subpopulation which is closely associated with the cholinergic system in the pigeon cloaca.
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PMID:Innervation of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons correlated with acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptides in the pigeon cloaca. 1127 43

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) is the major visceral sensory nucleus in the brainstem. The development of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract was followed during late prenatal and early postnatal life in order to determine when subnuclear organization and chemoarchitectural features develop. In Nissl-stained sections, the nucleus of the solitary tract becomes visible as a distinct cluster of cells by about E17. Between E17 and E19, a profound change in the Nissl-stained appearance of the nucleus occurred, so that by E19 all the subnuclei were discernible. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the developing NST showed an early period of rapid differentiation (E15 to E17), while by E19 the basic adult pattern of distribution of this enzyme had already been achieved. The subnuclei of the NST began to show clear differential staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase at about the same time as reactivity for that enzyme first appeared (E19). With respect to calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons within the nucleus, many of the chemoarchitectural features associated with these two markers were obvious even by late fetal life. For example, in the central subnucleus, a strongly labelled, dense population of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons was present from E17; while in calretinin-immunoreacted material, this subnucleus was prominent because of its immunonegativity also from E17. Nevertheless, the total number of calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the NST did not peak until late postnatal life. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons were visible from E15, began differentiation by E17 and were distributed in a similar pattern to the adult from E19. Substance P immunoreactivity in the NST was also very similar to the adult pattern by E19. Many of these immunochemical and histochemical markers indicate a similar pattern of development, i.e. a rapid period of differentiation until E19, by which time a relatively stable adult-like pattern has been attained. The present findings indicate that many of the cyto- and chemoarchitectural features of this nucleus are present well before birth, by which time the nucleus must serve vitally important functions such as relaying information for control of respiration and the circulation.
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PMID:Development of the cyto- and chemoarchitectural organization of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract. 1139 54

Hodological, electrophysiological, and ablation studies indicate a role for the basal forebrain in telencephalic vocal control; however, to date the organization of the basal forebrain has not been extensively studied in any nonmammal or nonhuman vocal learning species. To this end the chemical anatomy of the avian basal forebrain was investigated in a vocal learning parrot, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Immunological and histological stains, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP)-32, the calcium binding proteins calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, iron, substance P, methionine enkephalin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphotase diaphorase, and arginine vasotocin were used in the present study. We conclude that the ventral paleostriatum (cf. Kitt and Brauth [1981] Neuroscience 6:1551-1566) and adjacent archistriatal regions can be subdivided into several distinct subareas that are chemically comparable to mammalian basal forebrain structures. The nucleus accumbens is histochemically separable into core and shell regions. The nucleus taeniae (TN) is theorized to be homologous to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The archistriatum pars ventrolateralis (Avl; comparable to the pigeon archistriatum pars dorsalis) is theorized to be a possible homologue of the central amygdaloid nucleus. The TN and Avl are histochemically continuous with the medial aspects of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the ventromedial striatum, forming an avian analogue of the extended amygdala. The apparent counterpart in budgerigars of the mammalian nucleus basalis of Meynert consists of a field of cholinergic neurons spanning the basal forebrain. The budgerigar septal region is theorized to be homologous as a field to the mammalian septum. Our results are discussed with regard to both the evolution of the basal forebrain and its role in vocal learning processes.
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PMID:Organization of the avian basal forebrain: chemical anatomy in the parrot (Melopsittacus undulatus). 1245 5

To understand functional roles of striatal interneurons in primate basal ganglia circuitry, we ablated interneurons expressing substance P (SP) receptors (SPR) in the putamen with SP-saporin, a SPR selective neurotoxin. The effect of SP-saporin injection into the putamen was evaluated by examining the loss of cholinergic interneurons and NADPHd-positive (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase positive) interneurons. We then analyzed regional metabolic changes using cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. CO activity in some regions of the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus (GP) in the lesioned hemisphere was lower than that in the contralateral or surrounding GP regions. CO activity in the subthalamic nucleus, however, showed no significant change. The present findings suggest that striatopallidal projection neurons exert enhanced inhibitory influence on the GP without modulatory control by the striatal SPR-expressing interneurons.
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PMID:Cytochrome oxidase activity in the monkey globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus after ablation of striatal interneurons expressing substance P receptors. 1466 11

The expression pattern of proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal cord and the bladder in response to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. In this connection, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 in the lumbosacral spinal cord and the bladder as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction was upregulated. In the spinal cord, the immunoreactivity of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was mainly localized in the ventral horn motoneurons contralateral to MCAO. In the bladder, TNF-alpha was mainly expressed in the inflammatory cells. The expression of nNOS immunoreactivity as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining in the spinal cord and bladder was also markedly increased in response to MCAO. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial expression of nNOS paralleled that of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the spinal cord. On the other hand, there was no noticeable change in gene expression and immunoreactivity of SP and CGRP. The present results have shown that cytokines and nNOS expression are elevated in areas far removed from the primary site of ischemic infarct, namely, the lumbosacral spinal cord and bladder. This together with some neuronal deaths maybe linked to the dysfunction of the latter in a clinical stroke. On the other hand, the apparent lack of SP and CGRP changes following MCAO suggests that the two neurotransmitters are not directly involved.
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PMID:Permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery upregulates expression of cytokines and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord and urinary bladder in the adult rat. 1512 Aug 43

In order to get insight into the striopallidal organization in mammals with little differentiated brain the striatum of the lesser hedgehog tenrec (Afrotheria) was characterized histochemically and analysed with regard to its cortical afferents using axonal tracer substances. The majority of neocortical cells projecting to the striatum were found bilaterally in the layers 2 and 3 of the frontal hemisphere; caudalwards the relative number of cells increased somewhat in the upper layer 5. There was a topographical organization as far as the allocortical projections appeared confined to the ventral striatum, and the efferents from hippocampal, posterior paleocortical, somatosensory and audiovisual areas were distributed in largely different striatal territories. Projections from the anterior frontal cortex, on the other hand, terminated extensively upon the caudate-putamen and also involved the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. In the latter region the molecular layer was especially involved. The entorhinal cortex also projected heavily to the olfactory tubercle but unlike other species it scarcely involved the nucleus accumbens. The cortical fibers were distributed in a relatively homogenous fashion within their striatal territory and there was little evidence for patches of high density terminations. Islands of low density labeling, however, were noted occasionally in the caudate-putamen. These islands were partly similar in size as the patches of neuropil staining obtained with anti-calretinin and anti-substance P. There were also hints for the presence of a shell-like region in the nucleus accumbens stained with anti-dopamine transporter and NADPh-diaphorase. The classical striosome-matrix markers such as calbindin, acetylcholinesterase and enkephalin, however, failed to reveal any compartmental organization.
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PMID:The striatum in the hedgehog tenrec: histochemical organization and cortical afferents. 1571 62

Recent studies have greatly increased our knowledge of telencephalic organization in ray-finned fishes and terrestrial vertebrates, particularly amphibians. In contrast, little new information has been generated on telencephalic organization in lobe-finned fishes. The coelacanth, Latimeria, and three genera of lungfishes constitute the living lobe-finned fishes. Latimeria is extremely rare and critically endangered, so the living lungfishes, therefore, offer the only feasible source of new information on telencephalic organization in lobe-finned fishes. A re-examination of the cytoarchitectonics of the telencephalon in the Spotted African Lungfish has allowed the generation of a new model of telencephalic organization in lungfishes. To begin to test this model, examination was made of the telencephalic distribution of acetylcholinesterase, enkephalin, the neurotensin-related hexapeptide LANT6, nitric oxide synthase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase), substance P, and tyrosine hydroxylase. This distribution supports the new model and suggests that the medial pallial-subpallial border, the striatopallidal systems, and the amygdalar organization in this lungfish are more similar to these features in terrestrial vertebrates than was previously suspected.
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PMID:Telencephalic organization in the spotted African Lungfish, Protopterus dolloi: a new cytological model. 1924 96

The central complex is a major integrative region within the insect brain with demonstrated roles in spatial orientation, the regulation of locomotor behavior, and sound production. In the hemimetabolous grasshopper, the central complex comprises the protocerebral bridge, central body (CB), ellipsoid body, noduli, and accessory lobes, and this modular organization develops entirely during embryogenesis. From a biochemical perspective, a range of neuroactive substances has been demonstrated in these modules of the adult central complex, but little is known about their developmental expression. In this study, we use matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry on single brain slices to confirm the presence of several peptide families (tachykinin, allatostatin, periviscerokinin/pyrokinin, FLRFamide, and neuropeptide F) in the adult central complex and then use immunohistochemistry and histology to examine their developmental expression, together with that of the indolamin serotonin, and the endogenous messenger nitric oxide (NO; via its synthesizing enzyme). We find that each neuromodulator is expressed according to a unique, stereotypic, pattern within the various modules making up the central complex. Neuropeptides such as tachykinin (55%) and allatostatin (65%), and the NO-synthesizing enzyme diaphorase (70%), are expressed earlier during embryonic development than the biogenic amine serotonin (80%), whereas periviscerokinin-like peptides and FLRFamide-like peptides begin to be expressed only postembryonically. Within the CB, these neuroactive substances are present in tangential projection neurons before they appear in columnar neurons. There is also no colocalization of serotonin-positive and peptide-positive projections up to the third larval instar during development, consistent with the clear dorsoventral layering of the neuropil we observe. Our results provide the first neurochemical fingerprint of the developing central complex in an hemimetabolous insect.
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PMID:Developmental expression of neuromodulators in the central complex of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria. 2096 Apr 64


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