UNIPROT:P20366 - FACTA Search

Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Target Concepts:

Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitrergic and peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus was studied using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and anti-nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antibodies stained both nerve fibres and 'neuron-like' cells located in the septal connective tissue. NADPH-d and NOS were partially colocalised. Staining of NADPH-d positive neuron-like cells with the neuronal marker, neuron specific enolase, confirmed the neuronal nature of these cells. Antibodies against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were used to map the peptidergic innervation of the chick thymus. The distribution of nerve fibres staining for the various neuroactive chemicals in specific thymic compartments was non-uniform. Out of all the peptides, VIP-containing nerves appeared to be the most abundant. In addition, double-labeling of the thymic sections revealed that VIP and NADPH-d were colocalised in the neuronal structures. Immunostaining of the chick embryos demonstrated that VIP, NPY, SP and CGRP were first expressed in the chick thymus during late ontogeny. The significance of these novel findings was discussed.
...
PMID:Nitrergic, peptidergic and substance P innervation of the chick thymus. 947 19

The neurochemical composition of nerve fibres and cell bodies in the myenteric plexus of the proventriculus, stomach and small and large intestines of the golden hamster was investigated by using immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques. In addition, the procedures for localising nitric-oxide-utilising neurones by histochemical (NADPH-diaphorase) and immunohistochemical (nitric oxide synthase) methods were compared. The co-localisation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase in the myenteric plexus of all regions of the gut was also assessed. The results demonstrated the presence of nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies immunoreactive to protein gene product, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, 5-hydroxytryptamine and nitric oxide synthase in all regions of the gastrointestinal tract examined. The pattern of distribution of immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies containing the above markers was found to vary in different regions of the gut. Myenteric neurones and nerve fibres containing immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase reactivity, however, were shown to have an identical distribution throughout the gut. In contrast to some studies on the guinea-pig and rat, the co-existence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase was seen in only a small population of myenteric neurones.
...
PMID:A neurochemical characterisation of the golden hamster myenteric plexus. 947 95

The innervation of the musculature in the ferret stomach, ileum, colon and urinary bladder was investigated using immunohistochemistry in noncolchicin-treated tissues. In the gastrointestinal tract two main subpopulations of myenteric neurones were found: cholinergic neurones expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which made up 68, 67 and 67% of the neurones in the stomach, ileum and colon, respectively, and nitrergic neurones containing nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase (stomach: 23%, ileum: 21%, colon: 26%). In the stomach, cholinergic neurones expressed substance P (SP, 2% of all neurones), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH, 19%) but not tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), while nitrergic neurones contained VIP and neuropeptide Y (NPY). TH- but not DBH-immunoreactivity was observed in 4% of gastric neurones. Intense immunoreactivity in the musculature suggests that part of ChAT/SP- and NOS/NPY/VIP-positive neurones function as motorneurones. In the ileum, a high number (32%) of DBH-positive neurones was demonstrated. About half of the SP-positive neurones in the ileum also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In the urinary bladder, only few intramural ganglia were observed. The smooth muscle was densely innervated by ChAT, NPY and DBH immunoreactive fibres. The data showed that the innervation of the ferret viscera exhibited similarities but also differences as compared with other mammalian species. Some of the chemical coding of myenteric neurones is remarkably similar to that observed in other mammals.
...
PMID:Presence of putative neurotransmitters in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract and in the musculature of the urinary bladder of the ferret. 950 49

Recent studies dealing with the investigation of the afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia of amphibians have revealed many similarities with basal ganglia structures of amniotes. In a further step, the chemoarchitecture of basal ganglia of the frog Rana perezi has been investigated. For use as main markers of amphibian basal ganglia structures, antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, and enkephalin were selected. Moreover, the distributions of nitric oxide synthase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry), calretinin, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, mesotocin, vasotocin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, neuropeptide FF, and serotonin were studied to corroborate a comparison with both basal ganglia and amygdaloid structures of amniotes. On the basis of connections and chemoarchitecture, a striatum proper, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdaloid complex have been identified. Accordingly, a new terminology is proposed that is in line with our current understanding of basal ganglia organization in amphibians.
...
PMID:Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: chemoarchitecture. 951 19

Morphological changes in developing human gustatory papillae during the 6th to the 23rd postovulatory week have been studied. The general innervation pattern of taste papillae and taste bud primordia was revealed immunohistochemically using antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neurofilament H (NFH), neurofilament L (NFL), neurone-specific enolase (NSE), and tubulin. The autonomic and somatosensory nerve supply has been investigated using antibodies against substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS), and, enzyme histochemically, NADPH-diaphorase. Nerve fibers approach the basal membrane of the lingual epithelium around the 7th postovulatory week and invade the epithelium of papilla-like structures at the 8th week, but some also penetrate the basal membrane of the non-papillary epithelium. They are in close contact with slender epithelial cells that are considered to be the taste bud's progenitor cells. Early human taste buds situated at the anterior part of the tongue do not necessarily require a dermal (later fungiform) papilla. The NADPH-diaphorase reaction revealed positive results in dermal nerve fibers, but the immunohistochemical reaction against n-NOS was negative. Immunohistochemical detection of neuropeptides and vasoactive substances rendered negative results for developmental stages of 7-18 postovulatory weeks. By the 18th week, only SP was detected in dermal papillae, but not in the vicinity of taste buds' primordia. Thus, autonomic and somatosensory nerves seem not to play a key role in formation and maintenance of early human taste buds.
...
PMID:Innervation of developing human taste buds. An immunohistochemical study. 954 77

The neurochemical coding of neurones located in ganglia of the nerve trunk accompanying the chicken ureter was analysed and quantified using NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and immunohistochemistry against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), calbindin (CAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in untreated or colchicine-treated preparation. Almost all neurones were either positive for TH (38%) or for SOM (60%). Only 4% of the neurones were both TH- and SOM-positive and 3% of the neurones exhibited neither TH nor SOM immunoreactivity. The relative numbers of NPY-, NOS-, CAL- and VIP-positive neurones were 57%, 28%, 14% and 7%, respectively. No SP- or CGRP-positive neurones were observed. All NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurones expressed NOS immunoreactivity. Only in some TH-positive neurones was NPY and/or NOS found. Four major subpopulations were found in the ureteric ganglia. The SOM-positive neurones were subdivided into SOM/NPY/NOS- (28% of all neurones), SOM/NPY- (18%) and SOM/CAL/NPY-positive neurones (14%). A subpopulation of these peptid- ergic neurones also contained VIP. About 35% of the neurones contained TH only. Neurones of all subpopulations (72% of the neurones), except most of the CAL-positive neurones, were encircled by dense plexus of varicose SP/CGRP-positive, presumably sensory nerve fibres. Dense plexus of VIP-positive fibres were observed around 89% of the neurones. The chemical coding of the neuronal subpopulations identified in the ganglia accompanying the chicken ureter resembled that observed in the ganglia of Remak's nerve but was remarkably different from that of the autonomic neurones described in mammalian species.
...
PMID:Neuronal subpopulations in autonomic ganglia associated with the chicken ureter: an immunohistochemical study. 958 4

In this study we have demonstrated the localization of substance P (SP) and nitric oxide (NO), in the thoracic spinal cord of rabbit. SP was concentrated in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, mostly in the superficial layers (LI, LII), around the central canal (LX), and in the region of intermedia-lateral nucleus (IML nc.). NADPH-d (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase) is an enzyme, which proves the presence of NO. The highest concentration of NADPH-d positive structures were found in the same regions as the SP-positivity. SP is suggested to play a role in the nociceptive transmission. Localization of NADPH-d revealed also the fact that NO may be involved in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Close association of sympathetic preganglionic neurons and fibers with SP and NADPH-d positive structures suggest a role of these neurotransmitters in the modulation of sympathetic activity. (Fig. 11, Ref. 18.)
...
PMID:[Co-localization of substance P and NADPH-d in the thoracic spinal cord of rabbits]. 958 84

The distribution of nitrergic neurons was investigated by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry in wholemount preparations of the urinary bladder in guinea pigs. Both NADPH-d+ and NOS+ neurons were located predominantly in the bladder base. Double staining showed that 70.9% of the NADPH-d+ neurons coexpressed NOS. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed that a majority of the intramural neurons were reactive, and about half of them (51.4%) were double labelled for NOS. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons were also distributed mainly in the bladder base but in a neuronal population that was separate from the preponderant NADPH-d+ neurons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity was also detected in the some of intramural ganglion cells, in which 21.3% of them coexpressed NADPH-d. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivities were confined to nerve fibers, often in close association with NADPH-d+ cells or extended along the blood vessels. These results have demonstrated the colocalization of NADPH-d and NOS in the majority of intramural ganglion cells. Many of the nitrergic neurons are apparently cholinergic, indicating that they are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, and this underscores NO as the major neuromodulator in the parasympathetic nerves in the bladder walls. The localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in nitrergic neurons suggests that the peptide may complement NO for regulation of micturition reflex. The close relationship of NADPH-d-reactive intramural neurons with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P fibers, most probably derived from dorsal root ganglion cells, suggests that NO released from the local neurons may exert its influence on the sensory neural pathways in the urinary bladder.
...
PMID:Colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and some neurotransmitters in the intramural ganglia of the guinea pig urinary bladder. 959 May 57

1. The possible contribution of the nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) transmitters nitric oxide (NO) and substance P (SP) to the contractility of guinea pig isolated ileum was studied by the responses of the longitudinal muscle to electrical field stimulation (0.8 msec, 40 V, 1-20 Hz, 20 sec) of the intrinsic nerves and by the presence and distribution of NADPH-diaphorase- and SP-positive nerve structures in the myenteric plexus. 2. The electrically elicited, tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM)-sensitive responses, in the presence of phentolamine (5 microM), propranol (5 microM), and atropine (3 microM) consisted of relaxation, followed by twitch and tonic contraction on which phasic contractions were superimposed. 3. NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM), an inhibitor of NO synthesis abolished the relaxation. L-arginine (0.1 mM), a substrate for NO synthesis, but not D-arginine, restored it. L-NNA concentration dependently increased the twitch and tonic contractions. Sodium nitroprusside (1 microM or 10 (M), an exogenous donor of NO, was without effect on the electrically evoked responses. 4. AP 13.2 ACOH (AP; 0.1 microM or 10 microM), a blocker of SP receptors, frequency dependently inhibited or even prevented the twitch and tonic contractions. AP concentration-dependently increased the relaxation or reversed the responses to electrical stimulation into a deep relaxation. 5. The concentration-response curve for SP (1 nM-0.1 microM) was shifted to the right by AP, the EC50 values being 5.2 +/- 0.4 nM and 88.0 +/- 3.0 nM, respectively. The effects of SP were not altered by L-NNA (0.1 mM). 6. These findings, supported by morphological data about distribution of NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve cell bodies and processes and SP-positive varicose fibers, suggest the contribution of NO and SP to NANC transmission. It appears that NO inhibits prejunctionally the SP transmission whereas SP counteracts the NO effect at the postjunctional level.
...
PMID:Contribution of nitric oxide and substance P to nonadrenergic, noncholinergic transmission in the guinea pig ileum. 959 87

Gastric adaptive relaxation is a vago-vagal reflex, probably involving the site of interface of vagal afferents and efferents in the dorsal vagal complex of the medulla. Previous studies have shown that both substance P and nitric oxide in the dorsal vagal complex decrease intragastric pressure. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to localize NK1 tachykinin receptor immunoreactive (ir) staining in the dorsal vagal complex and, secondly, to determine its anatomical relationship to nitrergic cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Sections were stained by avidin-biotin immunocytochemistry using antiserum to NK1 receptor alone or combined with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, NK1 receptor-ir varicosities were moderately dense in the medial subnucleus, but sparse in the centralis and gelatinosus subnuclei. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, NK1 receptor-ir staining in cell bodies and fibers was present throughout, with a markedly dense varicose fiber and cell body staining in a lateral column of the rostral portion of the nucleus. NADPH-diaphorase staining is most marked in cell bodies in the same region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In dual-stained sections, there was complete overlap of NADPH-diaphorase and NK1 receptor-ir stain; however, the markers were very rarely colocalized within the same vagal motor neurons. Ipsilateral vagotomy almost completely abolished NK1r-ir staining in vagal motor neurons. We conclude that, in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, NK1 receptor is synthesized by a population of vagal motor neurons which are in close anatomical proximity to, but separate from, nitrergic neurons. Based on these observations, substance P-mediated gastric relaxation in this region is unlikely to be via activation of nitrergic vagal preganglionic neurons. In the nucleus tractus solitarius, the NK1 receptor and NADPH-diaphorase stain are not codistributed in subnuclei mediating gastric and esophageal control. Therefore, substance P and nitric oxide may mediate their respective gastrointestinal effects via separate afferent pathways.
...
PMID:Immunocytochemical distribution of neurokinin 1 receptor in rat dorsal vagal complex. 966 58

<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>