Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive (NOS-IR) axons and their relationship to structures immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied by means of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) technique or double-labelling immunofluorescence in the genital organs of cow and pig. Relevant neurons were also investigated in the pig. NOS-containing neural structures were TH-immunonegative in bovine or porcine genital organs, or in the studied ganglia. In the bovine ovary, NOS-IR nerves were neither VIP-IR nor SP-IR, whereas in the pig, most NOS-containing axons were also VIP-IR. The oviduct was supplied by single NOS/VIP- or NOS/SP-containing nerves, whereas in the uterus, NOS-IR axons were moderate in number, often being immunoreactive for VIP or SP. Numerous NOS/VIP-IR and NOS/SP-IR nerves were found in the vagina of both species. In all tissues studied, NOS-IR axons were mainly related to vascular smooth muscle. Most of the neurons of the paracervical ganglia and some neurons in dorsal root ganglia exhibited strong NOS activity. Only single neurons in sympathetic ganglia were NADPH-d-positive. Most nitrergic neurons in the autonomic ganglia were VIP-IR but SP-immunonegative. The sensory neurons were mostly NOS/SP-IR, whereas only single neurons co-expressed NOS and VIP immunoreactivity.
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PMID:The distribution and co-localization of immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P within nerve fibres supplying bovine and porcine female genital organs. 755 66

The sensory and motor fibres of the spinal cord and the relative centres of integration were studied during ageing. Sections of spinal cord and ganglia from C8 to T12 of rats aged 6 and 24 months were treated using several techniques: Nissl, NADPH-diaphorase, and antibodies to enkephalins, substance P and neuropeptide Y. Nissl staining of the C8 segment showed that in the aged rat the dorsal horn was more oblique and narrow, the central canal was enlarged, the cellular density was reduced, and the neurons of the intermediolateral and ventral horns and of lamina IV were smaller. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells of C8 segment was similar in the adult and in the aged rats. However, in the aged rat the number of cells was reduced in laminae I, II, III, VII and IX, remained the same in laminae V, VI and X, and was increased in laminae IV and VIII, and in the intermediolateral and intermediomedial horns. In the adult rat, we saw a greater number of cells with a lower expression of the enzyme. The area of the cells in laminae V and IX was reduced in the aged rat. In the C8 segment substance P was present in laminae I and II: in the aged rat the immunoreactivity was reduced and more diffuse. Enkephalins are present in laminae I, II and III, with a reduced immunoreactivity in the aged rat. NPY is present in the central canal in the adult rat and, is also present in laminae I and II in the aged rat.
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PMID:Neuronal populations in the spinal cord during ageing. 757 82

In the cat carotid body, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity and NADPH diaphorase activity localize in nerve fibers mainly associated with blood vessels and occasionally lying close to glomus cells. The NOS-positive innervation originates in part from multipolar ganglion cells scattered in and around the carotid body and in the glossopharyngeal nerve. In the superior cervical ganglion, NOS and diaphorase staining localizes to many preganglionic axons and also to a small population of vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive, presumably cholinergic, ganglion cells. Positively stained ganglion cells are absent in the petrosal ganglion and very rare in the nodose ganglion, although both sensory ganglia display characteristic distributions of cells immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase. The NOS-positive innervation of the carotid body thus appears to be autonomic, originating mainly from a population of dispersed ganglion cells, and probably parasympathetic in nature. The superior cervical ganglion also may supply some pre- or postganglionic NOS-positive axons. Nitric oxide released from these nerves could affect glomus cell activity directly or indirectly by vasoregulation.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase in autonomic innervation of the cat carotid body. 759 14

The effect of prenatal cocaine on the anatomical development of the striatum was examined. The distribution and density of dopaminergic innervation of the striatum of animals exposed to cocaine during the second and third week of gestation was not noticeably different from prenatally saline-injected or untreated controls at any age. The patch/matrix organization of the striatum also appeared unaltered: neurons exhibiting dense substance P staining were localized to patches that overlapped dopamine terminal patches early in development, and enkephalin- and calbindin-immunoreactive neurons were found segregated to the matrix. Histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase and NADPH diaphorase also revealed no differences between prenatally cocaine-treated and control brains. Whereas prenatal cocaine treatment failed to modify the basic compartmental organization of the striatum, it did lead to a hyperinnervation of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers which developed slowly after birth. Thus prenatal exposure to cocaine is capable of altering the ingrowth of serotonergic projections to the striatum while producing no change in the organization of neurons intrinsic to the striatum.
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PMID:Prenatal cocaine increases striatal serotonin innervation without altering the patch/matrix organization of intrinsic cell types. 769 34

An impairment of energy metabolism may underlie slow excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. We therefore examined the effects of intrastriatal, subacute systemic, or chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) in rats. Following intrastriatal injection 3-NP produced dose-dependent striatal lesions. Neurochemical and histologic evaluation showed that markers of both spiny projection neurons (GABA, substance P, calbindin) and aspiny interneurons (somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, NADPH-diaphorase) were equally affected. Subacute systemic administration of 3-NP produced age-dependent bilateral striatal lesions with a similar neurochemical profile. However, in contrast to the intrastriatal injections, striatal dopaminergic afferent projections were spared. Both freeze-clamp measurements and chemical shift magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that 3-NP impairs energy metabolism in the striatum in vivo. Microdialysis showed no increase in extracellular glutamate concentrations after systemic administration of 3-NP. The lesions produced by intrastriatal injection or systemic administration of 3-NP were blocked by prior decortication. However, the NMDA antagonist MK-801 did not block the effects of intrastriatal 3-NP, consistent with a non-NMDA excitotoxic mechanism. In contrast to subacute systemic administration of 3-NP, chronic (1 month) administration produced lesions confined to the striatum in which there was relative sparing of NADPH-diaphorase interneurons, consistent with an NMDA excitotoxic process. Chronic administration showed growth-related proliferative changes in dendrites of spiny neurons similar to changes in Huntington's disease (HD). These results are consistent with in vitro studies showing that mild metabolic compromise can selectively activate NMDA receptors while more severe compromise activates both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Chronic administration of 3-NP over 1 month produces selective striatal lesions that replicate many of the characteristic histologic and neurochemical features of HD.
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PMID:Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. 769 9

Substance P immunoreactivity is localized in discrete subsets of neurons in the human cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. In the normal human cerebral cortex, a subset of aspiny local circuit neurons in deep cortical layers and the cortical subplate contain preprotachykinin mRNA and substance P immunoreactive. These neurons, which contain NADPH diaphorase (NO synthase) activity, are strikingly depleted in Alzheimer's disease--in contrast to other local circuit neurons--suggesting that they may be an early target of the degenerative process. In the human basal ganglia, substance P immunoreactivity and mRNA are localized in a subset of spiny striatal neurons that project to the internal segment of the globus pallidus. These neurons are enriched in D1 dopamine receptors and dynorphin, and are calbindin and DARP 32 immunoreactive. A separate subset of aspiny striatal local circuit neurons also contain substance P immunoreactivity. Fiber and terminal staining is prominent in the matrix compartment of the ventromedial striatum and persists dorsally as a rim outlining patches that contain lesser amounts of immunoreactivity. Intense fiber and terminal staining is found in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. In Huntington's disease, substance P is depleted in the striatum in parallel with the dorsoventral gradient of neuronal loss. Terminal staining is progressively depleted in the pallidum and substantia nigra in tandem with striatal atrophy. Substance P receptor immunoreactivity, defined with two polyclonal antisera raised against synthetic peptides derived from the substance P receptor sequence, intensely labels a subset of large neurons in the nucleus basalis and striatum identical to neurons labeled with choline acetyltransferase and nerve growth factor receptor antibodies (although striatal cholinergic neurons do not contain nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the human). These cholinergic neurons resist degeneration in Huntington's disease but are sensitive to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Less intensely labeled neurons include pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA2 field, nonpyramidal neurons in CA1-4, pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in deep neocortical layers and in the cortical subplate. Substance P receptor immunoreactivity is not well defined in the human globus pallidus or substantia nigra.
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PMID:Substance P and substance P receptor histochemistry in human neurodegenerative diseases. 769 86

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons (localized using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry or NOS immunoreactivity) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) neurons were found in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract of the amphibian, Bufo marinus. Only limited co-localization of the two substances was observed in nerve cell bodies, about 11% of the NOS-containing neurons were also labelled by VIP-IR and about 37% of VIP-IR nerve cell bodies contained NOS. The relationship between VIP, NOS and SP-IR in nerve fibres in the circular muscle was examined. There was partial co-localization of VIP and NOS, but no co-localization of NOS or VIP with substance P. Of fibres that were immunoreactive for VIP or NOS, fewer than 10% contained VIP alone.
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PMID:Relationships between nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P immunoreactivities in neurons of the amphibian intestine. 769 89

Pancreatic ganglia are formed by neural crest-derived precursors, are innervated by enteric neurons, and contain neuropeptides. In addition, the enzyme NADPH-diaphorase is located in a subset of enteric and pancreatic neurons. The expression of neural markers (GAP-43 and NC-1), neurotransmitter-related markers (including neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), galanin (GAL), dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)), and NADPH-diaphorase was studied in the fetal and neonatal rat gut and pancreas (E12-P28) in situ and in vitro. NC-1, GAP-43 and DBH-immunoreactive cells were found in the primordial stomach on day E12, and in the pancreas on day E13, along with NPY in endocrine cells. Pancreatic NPY-immunoreactive neurons were detected by day E18. CGRP was seen in the foregut at day E12 but not in the pancreas until day E14. Other neuropeptides (SP, GAL, GRP and VIP) all appeared in the foregut earlier than in the pancreas. NADPH-diaphorase activity was first found in situ in foregut neurons on day E13, and in the pancreas on day E14, but seen in explants a day earlier. These observations show that development of neurons occurs earlier in the gut than in the pancreas, and that NADPH-diaphorase activity appears earlier than the immunoreactivities of the neuropeptides.
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PMID:Appearance of neuropeptides and NADPH-diaphorase during development of the enteropancreatic innervation. 772 Feb 14

Colocalization of vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively, with NADPH-diaphorase staining in rat adrenal gland was investigated using the double labelling technique. All vasoactive intestinal peptide- and some neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive intrinsic neuronal cell bodies seen in the gland were double stained with NADPH-diaphorase. Double labelling also occurred in some nerve fibres immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y in the medulla and cortex. No colocalization of calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P or tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity with NADPH-diaphorase staining was observed. However, nerve fibres with varicosities immunoreactive for all the neuropeptides examined were closely associated with some of the NADPH-diaphorase-stained neuronal cell bodies. Thus, in rat adrenal gland, nitric oxide is synthesized in all ganglion cells containing vasoactive intestinal peptide and in some containing neuropeptide Y, but not in those containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P or tyrosine hydroxylase.
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PMID:Colocalization of neuropeptides and NADPH-diaphorase in the intra-adrenal neuronal cell bodies and fibres of the rat. 778 Oct 27

Histochemical staining was used to demonstrate that intramural neurons of the gallbladder contain NADPH-diaphorase, and therefore are likely to produce nitric oxide. A subset of the neurons in the gallbladders of the guinea pig, gerbil, opossum, dog, and human stained positively for the enzyme. In the guinea pig, all neurons that were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), also contained NADPH-diaphorase. Furthermore, neurons that were immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y, which have been shown to be immunoreactive for substance P and somatostatin as well, rarely contained NADPH-diaphorase. It is suggested that the VIP/NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons represent intrinsic inhibitory motor neurons of the gallbladder, and that these neurons may have a role in the relaxation of the muscularis during gallbladder filling.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase and VIP are co-localized in neurons of gallbladder ganglia. 831 13


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