Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was investigated in neurons of lumbar spinal cord of adult rats following subcutaneous injection of formalin (FOR) in one hindpaw. NOS was visualized immunocytochemically using a specific antibody and by the NADPH-diaphorase reaction (NDP). In the untreated rat, NOS immunoreactivity (IR) and NDP were present in neurons of the superficial dorsal horn (sDH) predominantly in layers II-III, and in the deep dorsal horn (dDH) predominantly in layer X. Twenty-four hours following FOR, the numbers of neurons labelled for NOS and NDP and the density of NDP containing nerve fiber varicosities significantly increased in sDH of the ipsilateral L3-L4 segments. NOS-IR and NDP gave a rather congruent distribution of labelled neurons in the dorsal horn. In contrast, distinct NOS-IR but not NDP was visible in large diameter motoneurons and in the lateral spinal nucleus. Double labelling demonstrated that in sDH most of the NDP-reactive neurons show a close spatial relationship to fibers and varicosities immunoreactive for substance P and CGRP. These neuropeptides are considered mediators of synaptic input from nociceptive primary afferents. Colocalization of NDP with c-Jun, JunB, JunD, c-Fos, FosB and Krox-24 transcription factors was investigated in neurons of lumbar spinal cord. c-Jun, JunB, c-Fos and Krox-24 reached their maximal levels of expression 2 h after FOR and returned to basal levels after 10 h. FosB and JunD reached their maximal expression after 5 h, persisted up to 10 h and were still visible in 60%-70% of the maximal number of labelled nuclei after 24 h. This persistent expression of transcription factors might contribute to the up-regulation of NOS expression between 10 h and 24 h. In a low number of NDP neurons, suprabasal immunoreactivity of JunB, c-Fos and Krox-24 proteins was visible up to 10 h, and of JunD and FosB up to 24 h in sDH neurons; c-Jun was not expressed in NDP labelled neurons of sDH, but, similar as JunD, showed basal colocalization in preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. In dDH, colocalization of Jun, Fos and Krox-24 proteins in few neurons was only observed following a second FOR stimulus given 24 h after the first one. Double-staining also demonstrated that many Jun, Fos and Krox labelled neurons are in close proximity to NDP labelled nerve fibers suggesting a functional relationship between expression of immediate-early gene encoded transcription factors and presence of nitric oxide in the rat spinal cord.
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PMID:Expression of nitric oxide synthase and colocalisation with Jun, Fos and Krox transcription factors in spinal cord neurons following noxious stimulation of the rat hindpaw. 751 94

The architecture and neurochemistry of the enteric nervous system was studied by use of whole-mount preparations obtained by microdissection of the horse jejunum. A myenteric plexus and two plexuses within the submucosa were identified. The external submucosal plexus lying in the outermost region of the submucosa had both neural and vascular connections with the inner submucosal plexus situated closer to the mucosa. Counts of neurones stained for NADH-diaphorase demonstrated the wide variation in size, shape and neurone content of individual ganglia in both the external and internal submucosal plexuses. The average number of cells/ganglion was similar in each plexus (about 25 cells). Immunoreactivities for galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y were observed in nerve cell bodies and fibres of each of the plexuses. Immunoreactivity for substance P was extensive and strong in nerve fibres of all plexuses but was weaker in cell bodies of the submucosal neurones and absent in the cell bodies of the myenteric plexus. Comparative quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cell populations with total cell numbers (enzyme staining) was indicative of neuropeptide colocalization in the external submucosal plexus.
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PMID:Structural organization and neuropeptide distributions in the equine enteric nervous system: an immunohistochemical study using whole-mount preparations from the small intestine. 752 Mar 62

Sodium azide is an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase which produces selective striatal lesions in both rodents and primates. In the present study we investigated the neurochemical and histologic effects of both intrastriatal and systemic administration of sodium azide, as well as the age dependence and mechanism of the lesions. Intrastriatal administration of sodium azide produced dose-dependent lesions. Neurochemical and histologic evaluation showed that markers of both spiny projection neurons (GABA, substance P) and aspiny interneurons (somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, NADPH-diaphorase) were equally affected. Subacute systemic administration of sodium azide resulted in lesions with a similar neurochemical profile; however, in contrast to intrastriatal injections there was sparing of dopaminergic striatal afferents. Prior decortication significantly attenuated lesions produced by intrastriatal administration of sodium azide, consistent with an excitotoxic process. Chronic administration of sodium azide for 1 month lead to striatal neuropathological changes. Lesions produced by intrastriatal administration of sodium azide in 1-, 4-, and 12-month-old animals showed age dependence. Both freeze-clamp measurements and chemical-shift magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that sodium azide impairs oxidative phosphorylation in the striatum following either intrastriatal or systemic administration. These results show that the striatum is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress produced by sodium azide, and that it produces striatal lesions by a secondary excitotoxic mechanism.
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PMID:Systemic or local administration of azide produces striatal lesions by an energy impairment-induced excitotoxic mechanism. 752 31

The distribution, colocalisation, and interconnections of nitrinergic and peptidergic neurons and nerves in the human oesophagus were examined. Cryosections of surgically resected tissues from eight subjects were studied with indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of 11 neuropeptides and neuron specific enolase. After immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide synthase was shown on the same sections with the beta nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemical reaction. The histochemical findings were verified immunohistochemically on other sections with an antiserum against nitric oxide synthase. Most myenteric neurons (55%) were nitrinergic. Most (96%) received terminations positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) (80%), and galanin (59%). The neuronal somata of 14% also contained VIP, while 10% had galanin. Of the NADPH-diaphorase containing fibers seen in the muscle layers, many had closely associated VIP and galanin, but only rarely CGRP and substance P. Thus, despite abundant representation of both peptidergic and nitrinergic systems in oesophageal smooth muscle, only VIP and galanin colocalised to any significant extent with the nitrinergic elements. These findings provide morphological support for the role of nitric oxide as the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory mediator in the human oesophagus and for its possible interactive role with the peptidergic system.
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PMID:Nitrinergic and peptidergic innervation of the human oesophagus. 753 Feb 28

Nitric oxide and various neuropeptides in the myenteric plexus regulate esophageal motility. We sought colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides in frozen sections of mid-portion of smooth-muscled opossum esophagus using NADPH-diaphorase activity to mark the synthase and immunoreactivity to detect peptides. The peptides, all with demonstrated physiological activity in this organ, were calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The ExtrAvidin Peroxidase immunostain for each peptide was carried up to the final peroxidase reaction with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole. The NADPH-diaphorase reaction was applied with short incubation to provide light staining just before the peroxidase reaction was performed. We examined sections for the proportions of singly and dually labeled nerve cells in the myenteric plexus. NADPH-diaphorase activity was highly colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide (59%), galanin (54%), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (53%). It showed little colocalization with neuropeptide Y (10%) and substance P (8%). The proportions of all nerve cells containing each of the substances were: NADPH-diaphorase--33%, calcitonin gene-related peptide--30%, galanin--55%, neuropeptide Y--16%, substance P--35%, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide--58%. We conclude that the nerves responsible for peristalsis in the esophagus may act by releasing nitric oxide along with other inhibitory substances, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but not excitatory substances, neuropeptide Y and substance P.
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PMID:Colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase activity and certain neuropeptides in the esophagus of opossum (Didelphis virginiana). 753 20

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in neurons and is a potent relaxor of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle. The uterus contains abundant NO-synthesizing nerves which could be autonomic and/or sensory. This study was undertaken to determine: 1) the source(s) of NO-synthesizing nerves in the rat uterus and 2) what other neuropeptides or transmitter markers might coexist with NO in these nerves. Retrograde axonal tracing, utilizing Fluorogold injected into the uterine cervix, was employed for identifying sources of uterine-projecting neurons. NO-synthesizing nerves were visualized by staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and immunostaining with an antibody against neuronal/type I NO synthase (NOS). NADPH-d-positive perikarya and terminal fibers were NOS-immunoreactive (-I). Some NOS-I/NADPH-d-positive nerves in the uterus are parasympathetic and originate from neurons in the pelvic paracervical ganglia (PG) and some are sensory and originate from neurons in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral dorsal root ganglia. No evidence for NOS-I/NADPH-d-positive sympathetic nerves in the uterus was obtained. Furthermore, double immunostaining revealed that in parasympathetic neurons, NOS-I/NADPH-d-reactivity coexists with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and acetylcholinesterase and in sensory nerves, NOS-I/NADPH-d-reactivity coexists with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)-I neurons of the PG do not contain NOS-I/NADPH-d-reactivity, but some TH-I neurons are apposed by NOS-I varicosities. These results suggest NO-synthesizing nerves in the uterus are autonomic and sensory, and could play significant roles, possibly in conjunction with other putative transmitter agents, in the control of uterine myometrium and vasculature.
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PMID:Nitric oxide nerves in the uterus are parasympathetic, sensory, and contain neuropeptides. 753 54

Nerve elements containing neuropeptides were observed by using different antisera and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase technique and the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), a marker for nitric oxide (NO) synthase were studied in the ampulla hepatopancreatica (sphincter of Oddi) in the cat. A large amount of NPY, VIP, Substance P, somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers. Some immunoreactive nerve cell bodies (NPY, VIP, SP), were also observed in the wall. The NADPH-d stained cell bodies could be distinguished according to their size and the number of processes into two neuronal subtypes: large neurons with many dendrites and smaller, round cells with one or two processes. 99% of the cell bodies showed pozitive reactions for NADPH-d. The nerve fibers with NADPH-d activity were found in all layers, chiefly in the muscle layers. According to the distribution of the nerve fibers and the relationship to the effector cells, it is suggested, that these neuropeptides might have an important role in the function, and the NO containing nerve fibers are responsible for the nonadrenergic and noncholinergic inhibitory function.
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PMID:[Distribution, structure and transmitter content of nerve elements affecting the function of Oddi's sphincter]. 753 14

The sphincter of Oddi is a smooth muscle sphincter that regulates the flow of bile into the duodenum. To identify potential chemical coding in sphincter of Oddi neurons, immunohistochemistry and histochemistry were employed to assay for putative neurotransmitters and related synthetic enzymes in wholemount preparations, with and without colchicine treatment. Immunoreactivities for enkephalin-endorphin (ENK-END), substance P (SP), nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were demonstrated within the ganglionated plexus. Roughly half of the neurons in the sphincter of Oddi expressed immunoreactivity for both SP and ENK-END, but not for nitric oxide synthase. About 25% of the neurons expressed nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity as well as NADPH-diaphorase activity. This contingent of neurons was made up of two subgroups: one that expressed immunoreactivity for VIP, the other for NPY. Neurons that expressed CGRP immunoreactivity were sparse in sphincter of Oddi ganglia; however, many axons immunoreactive for both CGRP and SP were present in the ganglionated plexus. The CGRP/SP fibers are probably visceral afferents that may influence ganglionic output through axon reflex circuits. These results, along with studies of the actions of these neuroactive compounds on sphincter tone, support the view that ganglia of the sphincter of Oddi are largely comprised of excitatory (SP/ENK-END-immunoreactive) and inhibitory (nitric oxide synthase/VIP- or NPY-immunoreactive) neurons, and that sphincter of Oddi tone is controlled by the regulation of the outputs of these two groups of cells.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical identification of neurons in ganglia of the guinea pig sphincter of Oddi. 753 19

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare disorder with narrowed esophageal lumen that presents as dysphagia from childhood and that is often associated with tracheobronchial remnants or webs. The pathogenesis of CES is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the histological and immunohistochemical features of CES. Esophagi from 2 young adults with CES and 3 controls with no motility disorders underwent routine H&E staining, trichrome staining for collagen, and detailed immunocytochemical studies for general neuronal markers (protein gene product 9.5, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100) and neurotransmitters (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, and galanin) and nitric oxide synthase by beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase and a specific NO synthase antibody. Quantitative experiments compared the numbers of myenteric neurons and amounts of fibers at the circular muscle. CES esophagi showed infiltration of neutrophils in the myenteric plane, without any increase in collagen. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry showed a significant reduction of myenteric nitrinergic neurons (7 +/- 3.4 vs. 2.7 +/- 1.8 neurons per high-power field) and fibers at the circular muscle. Other peptidergic neurons studied were not significantly reduced in CES. The specific total lack of NO inhibitory innervation may be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of stenosis and aperistalsis of the esophagus in this disorder.
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PMID:Peptidergic and nitrinergic denervation in congenital esophageal stenosis. 754 Oct

Nitric-oxide-releasing nerves regulate esophageal smooth muscle function. The density of such nerve fibers may differ in the different functional parts of the esophagus. We used both inspection and gray-scale analysis of digitized images to seek differences in density of such nerve fibers, stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase), between esophageal body and esophago-gastric sphincter and between smooth muscle layers in the opossum esophagus. Sections of Swiss roll preparations of the entire organ were stained for NADPH-diaphorase and for immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP) and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS). In the circular muscle layer, NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers were most abundant at the cephalic end of the esophageal body with a significant decline toward and through the esophago-gastric sphincter. In the longitudinal muscle layer and the longitudinally-oriented muscularis mucosae, NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were most abundant at the esophago-gastric sphincter with a significant decline toward and through the striated-smooth muscle junction. cNOS immunoreactivity co-localized with NADPH-diaphorase activity. Fibers stained for CGRP immunoreactivity were distributed like the NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers. Fibers stained for immunoreactivity to the other peptides (VIP, GAL, SP) showed no clear differences in distribution along the esophagus in any of the muscle layers.
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PMID:NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers in smooth muscle layers of opossum esophagus: gradients in density. 754 93


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