Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the parotid gland, double immunostaining showed the perivascular and most of the periductal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibres to contain dopamine beta-hydroxylase, while the majority of periacinar NPY-fibres contained vasoactive intestinal peptide. Sympathectomy caused a marked depletion of perivascular and periductal NPY-fibres, leaving periacinar NPY-fibres less affected. Following combined sympathectomy and parasympathectomy, only a few NPY-fibres persisted. The parasympathetic auriculotemporal nerve contributed most (75%) and the cervical sympathetic nerve least (15%) to the parotid gland content of NPY as judged by radioimmunoassay. The sensory neurotoxin capsaicin was without effect on the occurrence and gland content of NPY. Upon long-lasting electrical stimulation of the auriculo-temporal nerve at a high frequency, the gland content of NPY was reduced (by 55%), a depletion thought to indicate release of the peptide from parasympathetic nerve terminals. In vitro, tissues of parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands released concentration-dependently protein (and as to the parotid gland amylase also) in response to NPY; the protein response was largest from sublingual tissue (per unit weight). A concentration-dependent in vitro release of potassium from tissues of parotid and submandibular glands in response to NPY occurred and here, submandibular gland tissue was the most sensitive. Comparisons between the action of some secretagogues (at 10(-6) M) showed NPY to be less effective than vasoactive intestinal peptide and adrenaline, but as effective as bethanechol and substance P, in releasing protein (and amylase) in parotid and submandibular gland tissues; in sublingual gland tissue NPY was less effective than vasoactive intestinal peptide, in the range of adrenaline and more effective than bethanechol and substance P. As to potassium release (at agonist concentration of 10(-6) M) from tissues of parotid and submandibular glands NPY was less effective than substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide. The fluid response to NPY upon i.v. administration was scanty from parotid and submandibular glands. NPY is likely to play a complementary role in mediating parasympathetic secretory responses in salivary glands of the rat. It seems preferentially involved in the control of protein secretion.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y in salivary glands of the rat: origin, release and secretory effects. 885 15

Neurochemical coding of nerve fibres supplying the porcine oviduct was studied by means of double-labelling immunofluorescence. Immunoreactivities to rate-limiting enzymes of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), were found in numerous oviductal nerve fibres. All TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) nerve processes were simultaneously DbetaH-IR. This subset of nerves was considered to be sympathetic noradrenergic. In addition to noradrenaline, many axons additionally exhibited immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY), or leu5-enkephalin (Leu-ENK). Small numbers of somatostatin- (SOM-) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) fibres, sometimes coexpressing TH/DbetaH-immunoreactivity, supplied the porcine oviduct. Substance P- (SP- ) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) nerve fibres were only sporadically found. Although these nerves did not contain TH/DbetaH-immunoreactivity, they often ran in close vicinity to TH/DbetaH-IR axons, forming together thin nerve bundles. All the above mentioned subpopulations of nerve fibres were found throughout the entire length of the oviduct being mainly related to the vascular and non-vascular smooth myocytes. However, some of the putative afferent (i.e. SP- or CGRP-IR) or parasympathetic efferent (i.e. VIP- or NPY-IR but TH/DbetaH-immunonegative) axons were located beneath the epithelium. Such distribution implies these nerve fibres to be involved in the regulation of the oviductal blood flow, non-vascular smooth myocyte tonus, transmission of sensory information and control of the epithelial secretion.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the porcine oviduct studied by double-labelling immunohistochemistry. 896 59

The localization of peptidergic, catecholaminergic, and nitroxidergic nerve fibers in the ventral leptomeningeal connective tissue compartment was studied in whole-mount preparations and serial semithin and ultrathin sections. For immunocytochemistry, whole-mount preparations of the leptomeninges and ventral brain slices with the meninges were incubated as free-floating specimens with primary antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Based on the regional differences of the connective tissue organization, the leptomeninx is subdivided into the pial, trabecular, and adventitial leptomeninx. The antibody PGP 9.5 stains all unmyelinated nerve fibers in the leptomeninx. Although the highest density of nerve fibers occurs in the adventitial leptomeninx, nerve fibers, and terminals are additionally present in the trabecular and pial leptomeninx. DbetaH-, NPY-, VIP- and NOS-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers occur exclusively in the adventitial leptomeninx forming neuromuscular junctions. CGRP- and SP-IR nerve fibers are localized in all three leptomeningeal compartments where they terminate close to the subarachnoid space (type 1) or within the connective tissue (type 2). Due to their morphological and immunocytochemical characterization a possible chemo-, mechano- or nociceptive function is discussed in the context of pathophysiological aspects.
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PMID:Topography and immunocytochemical characterization of nerve fibers in the leptomeningeal compartments of the rat. A light- and electron-microscopical study. 901 85

Patterns of co-localization of immunoreactivity for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (the synthetic enzyme for noradrenaline) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (the synthetic enzyme for GABA) or each one of six neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, substance P, met-enkephalin, galanin, dynorphin A and somatostatin) were investigated with dual-colour confocal laser scanning microscopy in axons of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal segments of six adult rats. Four regions of the grey matter were studied (laminae I-II, V, IX and X) and, in thoracic segments, the intermediolateral cell column was also examined. The extent of co-localization was estimated by direct assessment of merged pairs of optical sections and by automated image analysis. Significant co-localization was found for neuropeptide Y in axons of the intermediolateral cell column of thoracic segments and in lamina X of cervical and thoracic segments. None of the other peptides or glutamic acid decarboxylase were found to coexist at significant levels with dopamine beta-hydroxylase and hence it is likely that this group of neuropeptides and GABA are not co-transmitters of bulbospinal noradrenergic axons in the rat.
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PMID:Absence of co-localized glutamic acid decarboxylase and neuropeptides in noradrenergic axons of the rat spinal cord. 907 Jun 45

Spinal cord injury disrupts control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons because bulbospinal input has been lost and the remaining regulation is accomplished by spinal circuits consisting of dorsal root afferent and spinal neurons. Moreover, an initial retraction and regrowth of dendrites of preganglionic neurons in response to deafferentation creates the potential for remodelling of spinal circuits that control them. Although catecholamines and neuropeptide Y are found in descending inputs to the preganglionic neurons, their presence in spinal circuits has not been established. Spinal circuits controlling preganglionic neurons contain substance P but participation of these peptidergic neurons in remodelling responses has not been examined. Therefore, we compared immunoreactivity for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, for neuropeptide Y and for substance P in the intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord in control rats and in rats seven or fourteen days after transection at the fourth thoracic cord segment. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labelled by intraperitoneal injection of the tracer FluoroGold. These experiments yielded three original findings. 1) At one and two weeks after cord transection, fibres and terminals immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were consistently found in the intermediolateral cell column in segments caudal to the transection. The area of fibres and terminals containing these immunoreactivities was markedly reduced compared to control rats or to segments rostral to the transection in the spinal rats. 2) Immunoreactivity for substance P was increased after cord transection and the distribution of fibres immunoreactive for this peptide in segments caudal to the transection extended more widely through the intermediate gray matter. These reactions demonstrated a plastic reaction to cord transection by spinal neurons expressing substance P. 3) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase expression was up-regulated in somata within the intermediate gray matter of spinal segments caudal to the transection. The numbers of somata immunoreactive for this enzyme increased six-fold by 14 days after cord transection, compared to the few somata counted in control rats. In conclusion, the presence of a catecholamine synthesizing enzyme and neuropeptides in fibres surrounding sympathetic preganglionic neurons caudal to a cord transection suggests a source of catecholamines and these peptides within spinal circuits in the chronic spinal rat. The presence of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a markedly greater number of neuronal somata after cord transection reflects significant up-regulation of gene expression and may indicate a switch by these neurons to an adrenergic phenotype, revealing a plastic response to injury within the spinal cord.
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PMID:Catecholamine enzymes and neuropeptides are expressed in fibres and somata in the intermediate gray matter in chronic spinal rats. 915 61

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) can be divided into distinct subfields, delineated on the basis of histochemical markers as well as by afferent and efferent projection patterns. The shell subregion has reciprocal relationships with a variety of limbic areas and brainstem autonomic structures, and has been suggested to participate in motivation-related processes, including reward, stress, and arousal. The locus coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system has similarly been implicated in the modulation of behavioral state and stress-related processes, and previous studies have demonstrated reciprocal projections between the locus coeruleus and Acb shell. To better understand the anatomical substrate through which LC could influence activity within Acb shell, immunohistochemical methods were used to visualize the extent and the distribution of noradrenergic axons within this structure. Coronal sections of rat brain were processed to visualize immunoreactivity for the norepinephrine synthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker for noradrenergic processes. In some cases, alternate sections were processed for immunohistochemical localization of substance P, in order to delineate core, shell, and pallidal compartments. Moderate-to-dense DBH-like immunoreactivity (DBHir) was found in approximately the caudal half of the shell subregion, particularly in caudalmost (septal pole) and ventral zones. The innervation of the septal pole was contiguous with a dense innervation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Few immunoreactive fibers were observed in the caudate-putamen, Acb core, or rostral Acb shell. Many DBHir fibers within the shell region were highly arborized with numerous varicosities, features indicative of terminal fields. These observations suggest noradrenergic systems might modulate certain processes associated with stress, behavioral state, or reinforcement via actions within the Acb shell.
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PMID:Distribution of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactive fibers within the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens. 932 58

The postnatal development of the innervation of the muscle layer in the rat urinary bladder was analysed in whole mount preparations using immunohistochemistry against protein gene-product 9.5 (PGP; general neuronal marker), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Immunoreactive nerve fibres for all markers were already present at birth. The density of PGP- and GAP-positive nerve fibres was similar and remained constant throughout the postnatal development. The rank order of densities for the other markers relative to PGP was NPY (129-189%) > CGRP (20-63%) > SP (7-23%) > DBH (7-12%) > VIP (2-11%). While the density of presumably efferent VIP- and DBH-positive fibres did not change postnatally, NPY-positive fibres reached adult density at the fifth postnatal day. Sensory CGRP- and SP-positive nerve fibres approached adult levels at the end of the second week, shortly before the micturition reflex was completely developed. The data suggest that a sufficient relative density of sensory and certain efferent elements might be a prerequisite for the development of the mature micturition reflex.
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PMID:Postnatal development of the autonomic and sensory innervation of the musculature in the rat urinary bladder. 940 44

We investigated the distribution of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory perivascular nerve fibers in rabbit cephalic arteries supplying the brain, exocrine glands, nasal mucosa, masseter muscles, tongue, and skin in the face and also examined cranial autonomic and sensory ganglia. NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd)-positive and vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) neurons were located in the cranial parasympathetic ganglia. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-LI neurons occurred mainly, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-LI neurons occurred exclusively, in the superior cervical (sympathetic) ganglion. Substance P (SP)-LI and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-LI neurons occurred only in the trigeminal (sensory) ganglion. Therefore, it was assumed that NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI perivascular nerve fibers in cephalic arteries were parasympathetic, all DBH-LI and most NPY-LI fibers were sympathetic, and SP-LI and CGRP-LI fibers were sensory in nature. In the cerebral arteries, NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI varicose fibers were more numerous in the rostral than in the caudal half of the Circle of Willis. In the extracranial arteries, NADPHd-positive and VIP-LI fibers were most abundant in the lingual, lacrimal, and supraorbital arteries; sparse in the parotid and submandibular arteries; and absent in the ear artery. There was an obvious proximal-to-distal density gradient along individual cephalic arterial trees. In contrast, DBH-LI, NPY-LI, SP-LI, and CGRP-LI varicose nerve fibers were similar in density in all cephalic arteries and their branches. These neuroanatomical findings suggest that differential parasympathetic innervation in cephalic arteries may play a role in the partitioning of blood flow between different cephalic tissues.
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PMID:Parasympathetic innervation of cephalic arteries in rabbits: comparison with sympathetic and sensory innervation. 941 8

Enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the types of nerves supplying the ampullary gland, coagulating gland, dorsolateral prostate, ventral prostate and seminal vesicle of the male golden hamster. Quantitative change of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-stained (AChE-stained) nerves with age was also determined. Using an antibody against protein gene product 9.5, nerves were seen to distribute in subepithelial connective tissues, smooth muscles and adventitial connective tissues. Presumptive catecholaminergic nerves immunoreactive for DbetaH and tyrosine hydroxylase were found mainly in periacinar smooth muscles, while AChE-stained nerves predominantly ramified subepithelial connective tissues. In addition, nerves immunoreactive to NPY, calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, galanin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were also detected. Quantitative estimation at 10, 52 and 78 weeks of age showed that densities of DbetaH and NPY nerves were halved by 52 weeks of age. This level was maintained in older animals. The density of AChE-stained nerves in all glands did not change with age. The ampullary gland appeared to have more AChE-stained nerves. These results were discussed from a comparative viewpoint and with regard to possible implications of aging of peripheral nerves on functioning of the male accessory sex glands.
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PMID:Innervation of accessory sex glands in the adult male golden hamster and quantitative changes of nerve densities with age. 943 Apr 39

By the indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like immunoreactivity (LI) and its possible colocalization with neuropeptide immunoreactivities, with two enzymes for the catecholamine synthesis pathway, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), as well as the enzyme for the acetylcholine synthesis pathway, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were studied in the anterior pelvic ganglion (APG), the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) and the hypogastric nerve in the male guinea pig. The analyses were performed on tissues from intact animals, as well as after compression/ligation or cut of the hypogastric nerve. In some cases the colonic nerves were also cut. Analysis of the APG showed two main neuronal cell populations, one group containing NOS localized in the caudal part of the APG and one TH-positive group lacking NOS in its cranial part. The majority of the NOS-positive neurons contained ChAT-LI. Some NOS-positive cells did not contain detectable ChAT, but all ChAT-positive cells contained NOS. NOS neurons often contained peptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), somatostatin (SOM) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Some NOS cells expressed DBH, but never TH. The second cell group, characterized by absence of NOS, contained TH, mostly DBH and NPY and occasionally SOM and CGRP. Some TH-positive neurons lacked DBH. In the IMG, the NOS-LI was principally in nerve fibers, which were of two types, one consisting of strongly immunoreactive, coarse, varicose fibers with a patchy distribution, the other one forming fine, varicose, weakly immunoreactive fibers with a more general distribution. In the coarse networks, NOS-LI coexisted with VIP- and DYN-LI and the fibers surrounded mainly the SOM-containing noradrenergic principal ganglion cells. A network of ChAT-positive, often NOS-containing nerve fibers, surrounded the principal neurons. Occasional neuronal cell bodies in the IMG contained both NOS- and ChAT-LI. Accumulation of NOS was observed, both caudal and cranial, to a crush of the hypogastric nerve. VIP accumulated mainly on the caudal side and often coexisted with NOS. NPY accumulated on both sides of the crush, but mainly on the cranial side, and ENK was exclusively on the cranial side. Neither peptide coexisted with NOS. Both substance P (SP) and CGRP showed the strongest accumulation on the cranial side, possibly partly colocalized with NOS. It is concluded that the APG in the male guinea-pig consists of two major complementary neuron populations, the cholinergic neurons always containing NOS and the noradrenergic neurons containing TH and DBH. Some NOS neurons lacked ChAT and could represent truly non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurons. In addition, there may be a small dopaminergic neuron population, that is containing TH but lacking DBH. The cholinergic NOS neurons contain varying combinations of peptides. The noradrenergic population often contained NPY and occasionally SOM and CGRP. It is suggested that NO may interact with a number of other messenger molecules to play a role both within the APG and IMG and also in the projection areas of the APG.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase, choline acetyltransferase, catecholamine enzymes and neuropeptides and their colocalization in the anterior pelvic ganglion, the inferior mesenteric ganglion and the hypogastric nerve of the male guinea pig. 949 65


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