UNIPROT:P20366 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus. The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. 241 88

A topographic map of the substance P and monoamine neurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the cat has been constructed from peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemically stained sections. The coordinates of this map use the foramen cecum of the medulla oblongata (i.e. the triangular depression at the junction between the caudal boundary of the pons and the rostral limit of the median fissure between the pyramidal tracts) as the zero point. Two distinct groups of substance P neurons have been found: a rostral group lies ventral to the facial nucleus and a caudal one is found ventrolateral to the inferior olivary nucleus. Two dopamine beta-hydroxylase-containing cell groups were identified that correspond to the A1 and A5 cell groups. The A5 cell group lies dorsal, lateral and caudal to superior olivary nucleus. The A1 cell group lies approximately 4.0-5.0 mm lateral to the midline at the level of the inferior olive; these cells lie mainly dorsolateral to the region of the magnocellular division of the lateral reticular nucleus. The B1 and B3 serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) cell groups of the ventrolateral medulla appear to form a continuous column with a rostral and a caudal swelling. The rostral group begins at the level of the facial nucleus (approximately 4 mm caudal to the foramen cecum) and is concentrated in the area just lateral to the pyramidal tract. It becomes reduced in size approximately 8.0 mm caudal to the foramen cecum, and then enlarges to form a caudal group (approximately 10 mm caudal to foramen cecum). Portions of this column overlap with the caudal substance P cell group. The C1 cell group lies in a restricted zone approximately 4.0 mm lateral to the midline at the level of the rostral part of the inferior olivary nucleus.
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PMID:Topographic organization of substance P and monoamine cells in the ventral medulla of the cat. 241 70

The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) is a sexually dimorphic complex with three major subdivisions. The cell-dense central (MPNc) and medial (MPNm) subdivisions are larger in male rats, while the cell-sparse lateral subdivision (MPNl) occupies a majority of the nucleus in females. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of possible monoaminergic and peptidergic cells and fibers within the MPN, as well as in adjacent regions of the medial preoptic area of the adult male rat. For this, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24; ACTH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The results suggest that cell bodies and/or fibers crossreacting with all of these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed within the MPN. Within the MPNm, the densest plexuses of fibers were stained with antisera to SP and NPY, while moderate densities of fibers were stained with anti-DBH, SS, CCK, CGRP, ACTH, and alpha-MSH, and only a few fibers were stained with anti-5HT, TH, NT, VAS, and L-ENK. Moderate numbers of SP- and L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and a few SS-, NT-, CRF-, and TRH-stained cell bodies were also found within the MPNm. The MPNc contained a dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers, as well as a few CRF-immunoreactive fibers. Both fiber types were localized almost exclusively to this subdivision, while most of the others studied here appeared to avoid it selectively. This suggests that there are relatively few inputs to the MPNc, and that they tend to avoid other parts of the nucleus, although moderate densities of DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found in both the MPNm and MPNc. The MPNc contained several CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies as well as a moderate number of TRH-stained cell bodies. Both cell types were nearly completely localized to the MPNc. The major inputs to the MPNl studied here appear to be stained with antisera to 5HT and L-ENK, although moderate numbers of NT- and CRF- immunoreactive fibers were also found in this part of the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitter specificity of cells and fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat. 242 28

By the use of light microscopic (LM) immunohistochemistry, the presence of peptides and of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in nerves supplying mammalian (guinea pig, rat, cat, pig, mouse, human) lymph nodes were examined. In all species, lymph nodes of various somatic and visceral regions were found to contain nerve fibers which stained for neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or DBH. SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive (ir) fibers completely overlapped and exhibited the widest distribution. They were present in perivascular, paravascular and many non-vascular fibers travelling in close contact with lymphoid cells. In contrast, NPY-ir fibers coincided with those staining for DBH, prevailed in perivascular plexus and only rarely branched off into lymphoid parenchyma. Alternate staining of adjacent sections revealed that SP/CGRP-ir fibers were different from NPY/DBH-ir fibers. The distribution of VIP-ir fibers was identical to that of PHI-ir fibers and partially overlapped with that of ir-NPY/DBH or ir-SP/CGRP fibers. We conclude that the NPY innervation of lymph nodes is sympathetic noradrenergic while nerves coding for co-existing SP and CGRP are most likely of sensory origin. The nerves containing co-existing VIP and PHI may be of heterogenous origin (sensory, cholinergic sympathetic, and/or parasympathetic). We suggest that these distinct sensory and autonomic peptidergic pathways linking the nervous system with the lymph nodes may play a differential role in bidirectional neuroimmunomodulation.
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PMID:Multiple neuropeptides in nerves supplying mammalian lymph nodes: messenger candidates for sensory and autonomic neuroimmunomodulation? 245 55

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv), which lies in the periventricular zone of the preoptic region, is critical for normal phasic gonadotropin secretion since lesions of this nucleus abolish the progesterone-induced surge of luteinizing hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, block ovulation, and induce persistent vaginal estrus in female rats. However, very little is known about the neurotransmitter-specific pathways associated with this nucleus. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of biochemically specific cells and fibers within the AVPv and adjacent regions by using an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5-HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH1-24), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Our findings indicate that both cells and fibers containing these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed in and around the AVPv in accordance with the cytoarchitectonic organization of this part of the preoptic region. The AVPv itself appears to receive strong inputs from SP-, VAS-, CCK-, and SS-containing pathways, whereas the highest densities of L-ENK-, NT-, 5-HT-, NPY-, and DBH-immunoreactive fibers were found in the cell-sparse zone just lateral to the AVPv. The suprachiasmatic preoptic nucleus (PSCh), a small group of cells located ventral to the AVPv just dorsal to the optic chiasm, contained high densities of alpha-MSH- and ACTH-immunoreactive fibers, as well as substantial numbers of fibers containing catecholamines or NPY. In contrast, a dense plexus of VAS-stained fibers was distributed fairly evenly throughout the AVPv and PSCh. Numerous L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and moderate numbers of CCK-, NT-, and CRF-stained cell bodies were found in the AVPv. The PSCh contained many TH-stained cells (presumably dopaminergic), in addition to a moderate number of CCK-containing cell bodies, while a high density of NT- and CRF-stained cells were found in the cell-sparse zone lateral to the AVPv, in addition to several CCK-, SP-, VIP-, and TH-containing cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The distribution of neurotransmitter-specific cells and fibers in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus: implications for the control of gonadotropin secretion in the rat. 288 Jun 34

Previous studies of the cholinergic sympathetic innervation of rat sweat glands provide evidence for a change in neurotransmitter phenotype from noradrenergic to cholinergic during development. To define further the developmental history of cholinergic sympathetic neurons, we have used immunocytochemical techniques to examine developing and mature sweat gland innervation for the presence of the catecholamine synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and for two neuropeptides present in the mature cholinergic innervation, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In 7-day old animals, intensely TH- and DBH-immunoreactive axons were closely associated with the forming glands. The intensity of both the TH and DBH immunofluorescence decreased as the glands and their innervation developed. Neither TH-IR nor DBH-IR disappeared entirely; faint immunoreactivity for both enzymes was reproducibly detected in mature animals. In contrast to noradrenergic properties, the expression of peptide immunoreactivities appeared relatively late. No VIP-IR or CGRP-IR was detectable in the sweat gland innervation at 4 or 7 days. In some glands VIP-IR first appeared in axons at 10 days, and was evident in all glands by 14 days. CGRP-IR was detectable only after 14 days. In addition to VIP-IR and CGRP-IR, we examined the sweat gland innervation for several neuropeptides which have been described in noradrenergic sympathetic neurons including neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, substance P, and leu- and met-enkephalin; these peptides were not evident in either developing or mature sweat gland axons. Our observations provide further evidence for the early expression and subsequent modulation of noradrenergic properties in a population of cholinergic sympathetic neurons in vivo. In addition, the asynchronous appearance during development of the two neuropeptide immunoreactivities raises the possibility that the expression of peptide phenotypes may be controlled independently.
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PMID:Evidence for neurotransmitter plasticity in vivo. II. Immunocytochemical studies of rat sweat gland innervation during development. 289 56

The neurotransmitters used by the sensory neurones of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are unknown. A proportion of these cells contain physiologically active peptides; for example, subpopulations of small-diameter neurones contain substance P or somatostatin. Although these peptides probably have some influence on synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, their status as neurotransmitters is uncertain and it is possible that they coexist with conventional neurotransmitters. In addition, the neurones containing identified peptides account for only a fraction of the DRG sensory neurones. There is evidence that the DRG contain catecholamines within fibres thought to be autonomic, but these substances have not been found within the sensory cell bodies themselves. Moreover, the apparently inappropriate, inhibitory physiological effect of catecholamines in the dorsal horn has argued against their being primary sensory neurotransmitter molecules. We have used here antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC 1.14.16.2) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH; EC 1.14.17.1), two enzymes specific to catecholaminergic cells, to show that a subpopulation of rat DRG neurones is catecholaminergic and that the neurotransmitter they make is probably dopamine. We believe this to be the first report of catecholaminergic sensory neurones.
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PMID:A subpopulation of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones is catecholaminergic. 613 Apr 74

Most research on substance P deals with its presumed function in the nervous system. Both excitatory and inhibitory actions have been observed in pharmacological studies. For example, substance P has a dual action on nociception in mice: it produces analgesia or hyperalgesia, depending on the dose and on the individual sensitivity to pain. This is interpreted to mean that substance P is capable of normalizing responsiveness to pain. Thus substance P could be classified as a regulatory peptide, or 'regulide'. A similar normalizing action of substance P was found in stress-induced disorders of sleep, behaviour and blood pressure in rats. The mechanism of this normalizing action is not yet clear. The decrease in activity observed for dopamine beta-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in adrenal glands of rats treated with the peptide may serve as a preliminary hypothesis.
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PMID:Relation of substance P to stress and catecholamine metabolism. 618 76

Substance P (SP)-immunoreactive fibres have been found in the rat and guinea-pig irides. They are distributed parallel to the pupillary margin in the sphincter muscle, and in an irregular plexus in the dilator muscle of both species. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive fibres have also been demonstrated in the anterior uvea, displaying a pattern similar to that of the adrenergic nerves. One month after sympathectomy, there was an increase both in the density and possibly in the number of SP-immunoreactive fibres in the denervated irides of both rodent species. In the sympathectomized iris, there was a very notable decrease in the density of NPY-immunoreactive fibres indicating that the NPY peptide most likely coexists with the classical sympathetic neurotransmitter, noradrenaline, in the sympathetic nerve supply derived from the superior cervical ganglion. The disappearance of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) immunostaining fibres confirmed the success of the sympathetic denervation.
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PMID:Changes in substance P- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres in rat and guinea-pig irides following unilateral sympathectomy. 620 54

Immunocytochemical methods were used to investigate the distribution of afferent [calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP) immunoreactive and substance P-immunoreactive] nerves and efferent (neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive) nerves in the kidneys of rats within the 1st day of life. The newborn rat kidney possesses an afferent and efferent innervation. Both afferent and efferent nerves reach the kidney in the same bundles. The afferent sensory fibers predominate overwhelmingly in the renal pelvis and ureter while the efferent fibers clearly predominate in the vasculature. The corticomedullary connective tissue contains both types of innervation with a more prominent afferent innervation (CGRP immunoreactive). Only afferent arterioles of perihilar nephrons were innervated by efferent sympathetic fibers. The distribution and extent of afferent and efferent innervation is consistent with the renal nerves playing a significant role in the transition from fetal to newborn life. The close proximity between afferent and efferent fibers suggests a possible interaction between the two systems.
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PMID:The renal nerves in the newborn rat. 750 2

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