Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The coexistence of the neuropeptides substance P, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cat sensory neurons has been examined using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunocytochemistry. Attempts were also made to locate cells containing bombesin, neurotensin, [Met]enkephalin and [Leu]enkephalin but no immunoreactivity was found when antisera to these peptides was used. Cells in the dorsal root ganglia were studied by cutting 5 microns serial wax sections or 15 microns cryostat sections. Coexistence was established by applying the antiserum to each peptide to serially adjacent 5 microns sections and establishing the presence of peptide-like immunoreactivity in each of 4 different sections through a single cell. Results showed that the distribution and combinations of coexistence of these neuropeptides in the cat is extremely complex; three and sometimes all four antisera showing immunoreactivity with a single cell. About 21% of all ganglion cells contained some immunoreactivity but there were certainly some small cells which did not contain any immunoreactivity. The coexistence of these peptides differed markedly from that previously reported in the rat suggesting that interspecific differences in the neuropeptide content of cells might be much greater than they are for classical neurotransmitters. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of neuropeptides and the regulation of their production by sensory neurons.
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PMID:Coexistence of peptide immunoreactivity in sensory neurons of the cat. 241 83

Light and electron microscopic peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry has been used to localize choline acetyltransferase, substance P and enkephalin in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity was observed in motoneurone cell bodies and proximal dendrites, in large varicosities in the surrounding neuropil and in nerve terminals in synaptic contact with immunostained motoneurones. Most choline acetyltransferase immunostained terminals which made synaptic contact with motoneurone cell bodies and proximal dendrites possessed prominent subsynaptic cisterns and belong to the terminal type referred to in the literature as C or L. Substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivity did not occur in motoneurones but was seen in fibres and synaptic terminals. Substance P immunoreactive fibres made multiple axosomatic contacts while enkephalin immunoreactive terminals made synaptic contact mainly with large and small dendrites. C terminals were not stained for either substance P or enkephalin. This study provides immunocytochemical support for the classic identification of hypoglossal motoneurones as cholinergic and in addition shows that these neurones are innervated by a number of morphologically and chemically distinct terminal types. C terminals have previously been shown to contain cholinesterase and our demonstration that these terminals contain choline acetyltransferase thus provides additional evidence for their cholinergic nature and for a cholinergic innervation of hypoglossal motoneurones. The origin of the immunoreactive terminals was not identified in this study but possible candidates include the raphe nuclei for substance P. and propriobulbar interneurones for choline acetyltransferase.
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PMID:Inputs to motoneurones in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase, substance P and enkephalins using monoclonal antibodies. 242 Nov 99

The distribution of substance P (SP) in the rat spinal cord was investigated by peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunocytochemistry combined with retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling via the cremaster muscle. In the male rats, a dense network of SP immunoreactive (SP-IR) fibers and terminals was detected in the ventral column of the L1 and L2 segments (Vent L1-2) with a different density and extent from the other segmental levels. These fibers and terminals were accumulated within and around the nucleus centromedialis lumbaris (CM) of the L1 and L2 segments. However, in the female rats, SP-IR fibers and terminals were sparse in the Vent L1-2 without particular segmental differences. HRP-positive motoneurons were located in the CM and surrounded by SP-IR fibers and terminals. These results indicate that the Vent L1-2 of the rat spinal cord shows sexual dimorphism with respect to the regional distribution of SP-IR fibers and terminals, and that motoneurons that innervate the cremaster muscle are innervated by dense SP-IR fibers and terminals.
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PMID:Sexual differences in the distribution of substance P immunoreactive fibers in the ventral horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. 242 Dec 3

Employing a combination of pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase-labeling for substance P (SP) and postembedding immunogold labeling with protein A-colloidal gold-anti-arginine vasopressin (AVP) complex, we demonstrated immunoreactive SP containing nerve fibers, which terminate synaptically on the perikarya, contained gold-labeled secretory granules in the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus of rats. The perikarya were also synapsed with unlabeled nerve fibers. It is concluded that SP plays a role as an axosomatic neurotransmitter in diverse synaptic controls of vasopressinergic neurons.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence for synaptic regulation of paraventricular vasopressin-containing neurons by substance P. 242 46

We examined whether autoradiographic localization of [125I]-antirabbit immunoglobulin (IgG) was suitable for light and electron microscopic detection of a rabbit antiserum to the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and whether autoradiographic and peroxidase labeling could be combined for simultaneous immunocytochemical identification of TH and neuropeptides in brain. Adult rat brains were fixed by aortic arch perfusion with acrolein and paraformaldehyde. Vibratome sections of the fixed tissues were incubated with various dilutions of TH antiserum followed by [125I]-secondary IgG. These sections were then directly processed for autoradiography or were incubated with rabbit antiserum to substance P (SP) or methionine [Met5]-enkephalin (ME). These latter sections were then processed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) or conjugated peroxidase methods followed by autoradiography. Exposure periods of 12-20 days for light microscopy or 90 days for electron microscopy yielded substantial accumulations of silver grains even at the highest (1:30,000) dilution of TH antiserum. At this dilution, immunoreactivity for TH was virtually nondetectable by PAP and conjugated peroxidase methods. The differential sensitivities of the autoradiographic versus peroxidase methods provided a means for separable identification of rabbit antiserum to TH and to SP or ME. Ultrastructural analysis of the catecholaminergic neurons in the medial nuclei of the solitary tract (NTS) showed selective cytoplasmic localization of silver grains for [125I]-labeling of TH in perikarya, dendrites, and terminals. Within single thin sections prepared for dual labeling, the peroxidase marker for SP and for ME was differentially localized with respect to autoradiographic labeling of TH.
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PMID:Autoradiographic detection of [125I]-secondary antiserum: a sensitive light and electron microscopic labeling method compatible with peroxidase immunocytochemistry for dual localization of neuronal antigens. 242 51

Double-labeling experiments were performed at the electron microscopic level in the dorsal raphe nucleus of rat, in order to study the inter- and intracellular relationship of substance P with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin. Autoradiography for either [3H]serotonin or [3H]GABA was coupled, on the same tissue section, with peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry for substance P in colchicine-treated animals. Intercellular relationships were represented by synaptic contacts made by [3H]serotonin-labeled terminals on substance P-containing somata and dendrites, and by substance P-containing terminals on [3H]GABA-labeled cells. Intracellular relationships were suggested by the occurrence of the peptide within [3H]serotonin-containing and [3H]GABA-containing cell bodies and fibers. Doubly labeled varicosities of the two kinds were also observed in the supraependymal plexus adjacent to the dorsal raphe nucleus. The results demonstrated that, in addition to reciprocal synaptic interactions made by substance P with serotonin and GABA, the dorsal raphe nucleus is the site of intracellular relationships between the peptide and either the amine or the amino acid.
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PMID:Inter- and intracellular relationship of substance P-containing neurons with serotonin and GABA in the dorsal raphe nucleus: combination of autoradiographic and immunocytochemical techniques. 242 52

The ultrastructural morphology and afferent sources of terminals containing substance P-like immunoreactivity were examined in the rat parabrachial region. In the first portion of the study, a polyclonal antiserum to substance P was localized in the ventrolateral parabrachial region using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase labeling technique combined with electron microscopy. The antiserum was tested for cross-reaction with substance P, physalaemin, substance K and neuromedins B, C and K. Cross-reactivity was most intense with substance P. However, substance K, neuromedin K and physalaemin also exhibited limited cross-reactions with the antiserum. In the ventrolateral parabrachial region of untreated adult animals, substance P-like immunoreactivity was localized in axon terminals containing numerous small (40-60 nm) clear vesicle and 1-3 large (90-120 nm) dense-core vesicles. At least 54% of the labeled terminals formed asymmetric synapses with unlabeled dendrites; and at least 30% of the recipient dendrites received more than one labeled axon terminal. In addition, the labeled terminals were associated less frequently with other unlabeled soma, axon terminals and blood vessels. In the second part of the study, we examined whether or not perikarya in various extrinsic regions contributed to the substance P-like immunoreactivity in axon terminals in the parabrachial region. Wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase was injected unilaterally into the parabrachial region of adult rats two days prior to being killed and one day prior to intraventricular injection of colchicine (100 micrograms in 7.5 microliter saline) which enhanced the detection of immunoreactivity in perikarya. Sections were first processed by a tetramethylbenzidine reaction stabilized with cobalt-diaminobenzidine for demonstration of the transported peroxidase then were immunocytochemically labeled for substance P. Perikarya containing both the black granular retrograde labeling and brown peroxidase-immunoreactivity were found in the nuclei of the solitary tracts, the caudal ventrolateral reticular formation, the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus and the paraventricular, dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic nuclei. The projections were largely, but not exclusively, from perikarya located on the same side as the parabrachial injection. We conclude that substance P, or a closely related tachykinin, is a putative transmitter or modulator within a number of pathways to the parabrachial region and that these afferents act primarily through axodendritic synapses with intrinsic neurons.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization and afferent sources of substance P in the rat parabrachial region. 242 94

The cochleae of juvenile guinea pigs were investigated for the presence of several neuropeptides. Glucagon, insulin, CCK and beta-endorphin immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers as well as hair cells were demonstrated by the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. Small amounts of substance P were also found in different sites in the inner ear. In contrast, prolactin-like material could not be found at all. These findings have significance with regard to the putative role of neuropeptides in neuromodulation.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical detection of peptides in the guinea pig cochlea. 242 64

Three dimensional observation of the nerve fibers along the cerebral blood vessels was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis was also performed in the cerebral blood vessels treated with peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry intensified by nickel ammonium sulfate. Nerve fibers (2-8 microns in diameter) formed a plexus on the outer surface of the adventitia. After branching, the nerve fibers penetrated the blood vessel adventitia. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers showed a meshwork pattern in the outer layer of the adventitia, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers revealed a spiral running pattern in the inner layer of the adventitia. Taken together with previous studies, these findings suggest that substance P nerve fibers in the cerebral arteries may not be related to arterial dilatation or constriction, but VIP nerve fibers may be vasodilative.
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PMID:Three dimensional observation of the nerve fibers along the cerebral blood vessels. 242 82

Substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity was studied by immunocytochemistry in the wall of the blood vessels of the small intestine of the cat, rat and guinea-pig. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were localized by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) procedure, by use of antisera raised against these peptides. These neuropeptide-containing nerve fibres were widespread in association with the blood vessels and especially with the dense network of perivascular nerves supplying arterioles. At the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive nerve fibres were found very close to the basement membrane of the capillary walls. No immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in the wall of the veins. The anatomical findings of the present study are consistent with the proposal that several neuropeptides could function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the control of blood flow in the small intestine.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localisation of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in perivascular nerve plexuses of the gut. 242 25


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