Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was used to examine major immunohistochemical features of the spinal cord of adult raccoons. The lateral portions of the ventral horn contained many large multipolar neurons that showed cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity, suggesting the coexistence of cholecystokinin with acetylcholine in a subset of motoneurons. The dorsal horn revealed unique but overlapping patterns of immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase, somatostatin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin. The data imply that some of the peptides may coexist within the same dorsal root ganglion cells and their spinal cord processes.
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PMID:Immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase and several neuropeptides in the spinal cord of the raccoon. 170 58

By a double-labeling method combining the retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and the immunocytochemical technique, serotonin-, substance P- or leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR) of the rat were found to send projection fibers to the central amygdaloid nucleus bilaterally with an ipsilateral dominance. These PAG neurons were chiefly distributed in the ventrolateral PAG subdivision and the ventral parts of medial PAG subdivision at the middle and caudal levels of PAG.
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PMID:Serotonin-, substance P- or leucine-enkephalin-containing neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe dorsalis send projection fibers to the central amygdaloid nucleus in the rat. 170 70

Immunocytochemical studies of the vestibular nuclei (VN) were done in the squirrel monkey and cat using polyclonal antisera. Brain stem sections were processed using the Avidin-Biotin peroxidase complex with diaminobenzidine as the chromagen. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity (ChAT-IR) was most prevalent in the caudal medial (MVN), inferior (IVN) and peripheral superior (SVN) VN. Nearly all cells of groups x and z were ChAT-positive. None of the giant cells of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) was ChAT-IR. Glutamate immunoreactivity (GLU-IR) was abundant in all VN and in cells of the vestibular ganglion (VG). Gamma-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity (GABA-IR), was found in cells of rostral MVN, cell group y and in granules about giant cells in dorsal LVN. Substance P immunoreactive (SP-IR) was present in a small cells in MVN, IVN and the VG and in granules surrounding all large cells in LVN in both monkey and cat; SP-IR granules were most intense in ventral LVN in the monkey. Some cells in the dorsal parts of the fastigial nucleus (FN) were outlined by SP-IR granules in both species. Leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR) was identified only in granules surrounding cells of group x in the monkey. GLU was the only immunoreactive substance found in the giant cells of LVN. The disposition of ChAT-IR in the VN suggested participation in commissural systems, as well as projections to spinal cord and/or cerebellum. Small GABA-IR neurons in MVN probably represented both commissural and projection neurons; GABA-IR granules about cells in dorsal LVN and some cells in MVN and SVN appeared to represent Purkinje cell (PC) terminals. SP-IR granules surrounding cells in ventral LVN appeared to represent terminals of small SP-positive VG cells. The source of SP-IR granules around cells in dorsal LVN and some cells in FN and SVN remains unknown, but these fibers may originate from portions of the reticular formation known to contain large numbers of SP-positive neurons.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical features of the vestibular nuclei in the monkey and cat. 170 74

Retrograde and anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was studied in 7 squirrel monkeys with discrete injections of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Injections labeled: (1) the lateral two-thirds of the nucleus (63% and 47%), (2) ventrolateral parts caudally (20%), (3) dorsomedial parts caudally (18%), (4) rostromedial parts (21%), (5) the medial third (38%) and (6) the lateral pole of the nucleus (9%). Afferents to the lateral two-thirds of the STN originated from two parallel cellular arrays in dorsal parts of the middle third of the lateral pallidal segment (LPS) and a single array in the rostral third of the LPS. Medial regions of the STN received input from cells in the rostral LPS. Small numbers of cells were retrogradely labeled in the centromedian-parafascicular (CM-PF) and the pedunculopontine (PPN) nuclei. No cells were labeled in the frontal cortex, the striatum, the substantia innominata (SI), the substantia nigra (SN) or the dorsal nucleus of the raphe. Virtually all pallidal neurons, including identified pallidosubthalamic neurons, were immunoreactive (IR) for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Pallidosubthalamic neurons were most numerous in regions of the LPS with the lowest density of leucine enkephalin-IR fibers. Substance P-IR fibers, found mainly in the medial pallidal segment, bore no relationship to pallidal afferents to the STN. Choline acetyltransferase-IR cells in the SI and the PPN were not retrogradely labeled with WGA-HRP granules. Anterograde transport in fibers and terminal fields surrounded retrogradely labeled cells in the LPS, suggesting a reciprocal relationship. The caudal third of the LPS and ventral region of the middle third of this nucleus, appeared to project few fibers to, or to receive few fibers from, the STN. A small number of STN efferents entered the medial border of the putamen, but no terminal fields were identified. STN projections to the pars reticulata of the SN appeared to represent about 10% of the projection to the LPS. No STN efferents were identified in the frontal cortex, the SI or the PPN. The hypothesis that STN afferents from the frontal cortex and CM-PF may represent collaterals of projections to other loci is discussed.
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PMID:Subthalamic nucleus of the monkey: connections and immunocytochemical features of afferents. 170 79

Previous evidence has been presented that neurogenic input may influence adjuvant induced arthritis (AA) in rats. We now present evidence of alterations in synovial nerves in AA. Nerves were studied in well perfused and fixed rats, using immunohistochemistry with the sensitive avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method and heterologous antisera to cytoskeletal protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) and the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). The innervation of synovium was compared in normal rats and rats with AA. Observations concordant with what has been reported for neuropeptide nerves in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are presented. It has been suggested that neural peptide substances are reduced in nerves of synovium from patients with RA. In the AA rat a specific reduction of lining zone and sublining nerves in the synovium was noted. The AA rat model is very suitable for studying the involvement of synovial nerves in arthritis, permitting optimal preservation of immunoreactive neural epitopes.
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PMID:Nerves in inflammatory synovium: immunohistochemical observations on the adjuvant arthritis rat model. 170 59

The expression of tachykinin-like and opioid-like peptides was studied in medium-sized neurons of the caudate nucleus in tissue from adult cats pretreated with colchicine. Two methods, a serial thin-section peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and a two-fluorochrome single-section technique, were applied. Quantitative estimates were made mainly with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The numbers of neurons expressing substance P-like, dynorphin B-like, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were recorded in regions identified, respectively, as striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix. Striosomes were defined by the presence of clustered substance P-positive and dynorphin B-positive neurons and neuropil. Tests for the co-existence of enkephalin-like peptide and glutamate decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity were also made with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Co-expression of substance P-like and dynorphin B-like immunoreactivities was the rule both in striosomes and in the matrix. In striosomes, substance P-like immunoreactivity was found in 96% of dynorphin B-immunoreactive neurons, and in the matrix 89% of dynorphin B-positive cells contained substance P-like immunoreactivity. Substance P/dynorphin B-positive neurons corresponded to over half (57%) of the neurons in striosomes but only 39% of the neurons in the matrix. Both in the matrix and in striosomes, about two-thirds of all neurons (63% and 65%, respectively) were identified as enkephalin-positive. Among all substance P/dynorphin B-positive medium-sized neurons, 76% also contained enkephalin-like antigen. The enkephalin-positive neurons characterized by triple peptide co-existence (enkephalin/substance P/dynorphin B) represented a mean of 63% of striosomal enkephalin-positive neurons (41% of all striosomal neurons) and 35% of matrical enkephalin-positive neurons (26% of all matrical neurons). Finally, nearly all enkephalin-positive neurons were immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase, and therefore probably GABAergic, but only about half the glutamate decarboxylase-positive population was enkephalin-immunoreactive. These findings suggest that neuropeptides from three distinct precursors may be co-localized in single medium-sized neurons in the striatum, and that the differential patterns of co-expression of substance P-like, dynorphin B-like, and enkephalin-like peptides may confer functional specializations upon subpopulations of GABAergic neurons giving rise to the efferent projections of the striatum. The linked expression of substance P-like and dynorphin B-like peptides in single neurons both in striosomes and matrix suggests that some regulatory mechanisms controlling peptide expression apply regardless of compartment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Co-expression of neuropeptides in the cat's striatum: an immunohistochemical study of substance P, dynorphin B and enkephalin. 170 67

Simultaneous visualization of nerves and mast cells in the rat synovium was possible with double staining. Thus, a direct comparison could be made of nerves and mast cells in the ankle joints of healthy rats and in those with severe adjuvant induced polyarthritis. Nerves were studied with avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) immunostaining, using heterologous antisera to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a recently discovered neural protein, and the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). Mast cells were visualized by metachromatic staining of granule heparin. With double staining of sections, a parallel distribution of mast cells and nerves in all parts of the normal synovium was noted. In rats with adjuvant induced arthritis, a near total parallel disappearance of mast cells and nerves in the synovium occurred. In the arthritic rat such mast cell/nerve "units" were only present in the region where synovium attaches to bone. The observed regional depletion of both nerves and mast cells in arthritis may be of importance in the pathophysiology of arthritis.
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PMID:Regional distribution of mast cells and peptide containing nerves in normal and adjuvant arthritic rat synovium. 170 28

The development of a biotinylated substance P (SP) analog for use as a receptor probe is reported. The lysine in position 3 of SP was substituted by arginine and an amino terminal extension (NTE-SP) was added consisting of Lys-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly. Biotinylation of the N-terminal lysine was performed. The biotinylated peptide was purified by high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by mass spectral analysis. Binding studies using human IM-9 lymphoblasts with the biotinylated SP analog (biotin-NTE[Arg3]SP) and native SP yielded dissociation curves which were identical. In addition, the biotinylated SP analog retained functional activity similar to that of native SP in altering intracellular calcium concentration of Fura-2 loaded isolated rabbit colonic myocytes. Applicability of the SP receptor probe was demonstrated by using the streptavidin-peroxidase detection system to identify SP receptors on human IM-9 lymphoblasts. In conclusion, a biotinylated SP analog has been developed which retains the functional characteristics of the native peptide and is a useful and versatile probe for receptor studies.
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PMID:Development of a biotinylated analog of substance P for use as a receptor probe. 170 27

The ultrastructural localization of substance P (SP), met-enkephalin (MENK), and somatostatin (SS) in the lamina X area surrounding the central canal of the macaque monkey was examined by the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The most common synaptic terminals in lamina X were simple terminals (S) with small rounded or pleomorphic clear vesicles; one to two dense-core vesicles were occasionally also present. These were found on soma, dendrites, and dendritic spines, in all regions of lamina X. A second class of terminal with round or oval clear vesicles was glomerular (G) in shape, with scalloped edges, and contained many mitochondria. These large terminals had several synaptic contacts onto dendrites, spines, and small terminals and were found mainly in the lateral region. The third class (L) contained small clear vesicles and several vesicles with large, dense cores (100-125 nm), and also contacted dendrites, mainly lateral to the canal. The fourth class of terminal (D) contained small clear vesicles and several vesicles with small, dense cores (75-100 nm); these contacted dendrites and somata in all areas. Very few terminals with flat vesicles were identified. There was an unequal distribution of immunoreactivity among the several terminal classes identified in lamina X. Most SP terminals were S terminals, but SP L terminals were also common; few were D terminals. MENK terminals were usually either S terminals or D terminals; L terminals were rarely MENK positive. SS terminals were commonly D terminals or S terminals; L terminals were also rarely SS positive. Only SP terminals were identified as G terminals. Synaptic targets of SP, MENK, and SS terminals were most commonly dendrites. In addition to unlabelled neurons, peptidergic neurons and their processes were also synaptic targets of terminals containing the same peptide. The distributions of these peptides in primate lamina X differ from that of the same peptides in primate superficial dorsal horn. These differences are important, in consideration of some of the parallels that may be drawn between the lamina X area and the superficial dorsal horn; both areas have high concentrations of the same peptides, receive nociceptive primary afferents, and contain spinothalamic and other projection neurons. Nevertheless, comparison of the distribution of immunoreactivity among terminal classes indicates that neurochemical organization at the ultrastructural level is quite distinct in each of the two areas. This may also reflect other roles of the lamina X area, including its involvement in visceral functions, although it would be expected that this element might be less prominent at the cervical levels we investigated.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of substance P, met-enkephalin, and somatostatin immunoreactivity in lamina X of the primate spinal cord. 171 Oct 56

In order to search for microbial modulators of the activity of neuropeptide, we established a screen based on substance P (SP)-induced myeloperoxidase (MPO) release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). SP induced MPO release in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 1 approximately 10 x 10(-4) M. In comparison at 1 x 10(-4) M, induction was also observed with SP derivatives but not with other neuropeptides such as neurokinin and enkephalin. Based on this, we searched for microbial inhibitors against SP-induced MPO release. An actinomycete metabolite designated HS3, which turned out to be identical with dioxapyrrolomycin or A1-R2081, and structurally related pyrrolomycins were found to inhibit SP-induced MPO release. In addition, these compounds inhibited the f-Met-Leu-Phe (FMLP)-induced MPO release from PMN. Pyrrolomycin derivatives with an N-methylated pyrrole ring showed, however, a selective inhibition of the SP-induced MPO release. This was in contrast to results with aseanostatin P5 which selectively inhibited FMLP-induced MPO release.
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PMID:Pyrrolomycin group antibiotics inhibit substance P-induced release of myeloperoxidase from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 171 7


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