Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The source of innervation of the corpuscular bodies in the palate and the central projections of the afferent fibres of the entire palate was studied in rats by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) and with substance P (SP) immunohistochemistry. WGA-HRP injected into the incisal papilla was taken up by the nerve fibres that terminated in the corpuscles. Retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the trigeminal ganglion as well as anterogradely labelled terminals in the dorsolateral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the lateral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract. No labelling could be found in the geniculate ganglion, the facial nerve and the hypoglossal nucleus. Following WGA-HRP injection in the intermolar area and in the soft palate, labelling was only restricted to the trigeminal ganglion. The lamina propria of the entire palate and the corpuscle-enriched area of the incisal papilla and the soft palate were richly innervated by SP-containing fibres. Numerous SP-containing fibres were also observed in the nerve plexus at the base of the corpuscle. In addition, SP-positive neurons were identified in the trigeminal ganglion and SP-labelled terminals in the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex and in the solitary tract nucleus. On the basis of our morphological observations we conclude that the palatal corpuscular bodies are involved in taste perception which is of trigeminal origin.
 ...
PMID:Corpuscular bodies in the palate of the rat. 2. Innervation and central projection. 169 55

The synaptic organization of septal inputs to the rat habenular complex of the dorsal diencephalon was examined employing the anterograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). The cellular distribution of substance P (SP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity was also studied at the light and electron microscopic level. Following placements of tracer within the entire septum, labeled axons were observed in the stria medullaris and in the medial and lateral subnuclei of the habenula. Following injections of tracer in the nuclei triangularis and septofimbrialis of the posterior septum, the medial subnucleus was heavily labeled, whereas the lateral subnucleus was devoid of peroxidase activity. The medial subnucleus possessed labeled myelinated axons and terminals that contained clear, spherical vesicles and formed asymmetric contacts with dendritic spines and shafts. Terminals possessing WGA-HRP activity also formed non-synaptic junctions with other labeled or unlabeled terminals. SP and ChAT immunoreactivity in normal and colchicine-treated animals was confined to dendrites and somata within the medial habenula. Terminals containing clear spherical vesicles formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with these immunoreactive somatic and dendritic profiles. Based on the combined anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical data, it is proposed that septal projections provide a direct innervation to habenular neurons that contain ChAT or SP activity. These septal inputs may play an important role in the facilitation of the ChAT- and SP-positive habenular neurons, both of which provide prominent afferent inputs to the interpeduncular nucleus. Thus, neurons of the habenula and interpeduncular nucleus are under the direct and indirect influence of septal neurons within the limbic forebrain circuit.
 ...
PMID:Synaptic organization of septal projections in the rat medial habenula: a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and immunohistochemical study. 169 89

The ability of three different peptides, substance P (SP), FMLP and melittin, to activate eosinophils purified from the peritoneal cavity of human serum-treated guinea pigs was investigated. Degranulation (eosinophil peroxidase, EPO), oxidative burst (O2-), [Ca2+]i mobilization, and arachidonic acid metabolism (thromboxane B2, TXB2) were used as indices of eosinophil activation. SP (100 nM to 100 microM), FMLP (1 to 100 microM) and melittin (10 nM to 100 microM) induced EPO release but only FMLP (1 to 100 microM) led to an elevation of [Ca2+]i. The melittin- and SP-induced EPO secretion occurred at both cytotoxic and noncytotoxic concentrations as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release. In addition, the effect of SP was not inhibited by the SP analogue (D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10)SP(4-11) and SP failed to promote the generation and subsequent release of TXA2. In contrast, FMLP (10 to 100 microM) stimulated the release of TXB2 from guinea pig eosinophils that was selectively inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with BOC-FMLP. On an equimolar basis (1 microM), melittin was approximately fivefold more active at promoting TXB2 release than FMLP. The results indicate that eosinophils respond to the three peptides, SP, melittin, and FMLP in differential fashion. We conclude that activation of guinea pig eosinophils by FMLP is likely to be receptor-mediated whereas the actions of SP and melittin may act through nonspecific peptide-membrane phospholipid interactions.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of eosinophil cell activation by peptides. Differential effects of substance P, melittin, and FMET-Leu-Phe. 169 58

A double-peroxidase procedure was used to study the ultrastructural relationships between terminals and fibers containing three putative neurotransmitters and retrogradely identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) located in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the rat. SPNs with axons in the cervical sympathetic trunk were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase. In addition, terminals and fibers containing substance P, enkephalin, and serotonin were detected using immunohistochemistry. Sections containing both retrogradely labeled SPNs and immunoreactive processes were processed for electron microscopy. Ultrastructural examination revealed synaptic contacts between terminals containing each of these three neurotransmitters and retrogradely labeled dendrites from SPNs. Also, immunoreactive terminals were apposed to retrogradely labeled cell bodies. Therefore, these transmitters may alter sympathetic function by their direct action on SPNs.
 ...
PMID:Ultrastructural evidence of synaptic contacts between substance P-, enkephalin-, and serotonin-immunoreactive terminals and retrogradely labeled sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat: a study using a double-peroxidase procedure. 170 Apr 84

The immunoreactivity of anti-neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and anti-Leu-7 on formalin-fixed sections of human salivary gland neoplasms was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. In addition, neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, and substance P, in human salivary gland neoplasms were expressed, whereas other polypeptides, including glucagon, cholecystokinin, leu-enkephalin and calcitonin, were absent. When 182 paraffin-embedded examples of human salivary gland tumors, including 112 benign and 70 malignant neoplasms, were examined immunohistochemically, positive immunoreactivity was observed in: 51 cases with NSE (59%) and 46 cases with Leu-7 (54%) of 86 pleomorphic adenomas; 11 cases with Leu-7 (61%) of 18 Warthin's tumors; 7 cases with Leu-7 (58%) of 12 acinic cell carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (31%) of 16 adenoid cystic carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (42%) and 4 cases with Leu-7 (33%) of 12 adenocarcinomas; 4 cases with NSE (25%) and 6 cases with Leu-7 (38%) of 16 undifferentiated carcinomas. The other tumors, such as oxyphilic adenomas, basal cell adenomas, epidermoid carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, were nonreactive. Neuropeptides were observed in the neoplastic epithelial cells of certain tumors such as Warthin's tumors, acinic cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas. These findings suggest the possibility that cells of neuroendocrine origin, present in certain neoplastic salivary gland epithelia may play a significant role in the histogenesis of human salivary gland neoplasms.
 ...
PMID:Immunopathological study of neuropeptide expression in human salivary gland neoplasms. 170 3

We studied the ultrastructure and the synaptic arrangement of glutamate-immunoreactive terminals in rats, in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord, the brainstem cuneate nucleus, and the thalamic ventroposterolateral nucleus, where a role for glutamate as neurotransmitter has been suggested by biochemical, physiological and pharmacological approaches. The antiserum employed was raised against glutaramate conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin with glutaraldehyde, and was used for pre-embedding staining with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase method and for post-embedding staining with an immunogold procedure. Both methods yielded similar results, consisting of labeling of selected terminals in all the areas examined. Double immunogold labeling on the same thin section using antisera against gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) or substance P (SP), in combination with the anti-glutamate serum, showed that staining for glutamate and GABA was present in different terminals in all the regions examined; glutamate and SP were co-localized in a few terminals only in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord. By performing immunogold staining in combination with anterograde tracing, glutamate immunoreactivity could be localized in identified primary afferents to the dorsal spinal cord and cuneate nucleus, and in lemniscal afferents to the thalamus.
 ...
PMID:Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of excitatory amino acids in the somatosensory system. 170 56

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether neurochemicals normally found within neuron somata, fibers, and terminals of the hippocampal formation would also be present in transplanted hippocampal tissue that had developed in lesion cavities made in adult rat brains by aspiration of the hippocampus and overlying dorsolateral neocortex. Embryonic Day 15 or 16 rat brian tissue containing hippocampus with some medial pallial anlage was transplanted into the site of hippocampal aspiration lesions in adult male rats. One hundred ten to one hundred thirty-five days later the brains of these rats were sectioned and processed using the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase immunocytochemical procedure to visualize choline acetyltransferase, met-enkephalin (MENK), neurotensin (NT), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Sections from two brains were stained using the thiocholine technique for visualization of acetylcholinesterase. All of these substances were found within cell bodies and/or fibers in the transplants. However, several abnormalities were noted. In addition to TH-immunoreactive fibers, TH-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the transplants. Since TH is not expressed in mature hippocampal or cortical neurons this suggests that mechanisms for suppression of manufacture of this enzyme are lacking or inhibited in the transplants. Further, although all of the peptides were present either in fibers or in both cell bodies and fibers, the density of staining for NT and MENK was less than would be expected for normal hippocampus, and none of the cell bodies or fibers reacting for the peptides exhibited any apparent organization resembling that normally observed in hippocampus or cortex. However, some histological organization was present and the cholinergic markers were associated with this organization. These data suggest that some tropic and/or trophic factor such as nerve growth factor is present in the transplants to guide cholinergic innervation.
 ...
PMID:Neurochemical anatomy of fetal hippocampus transplanted into large lesion cavities made in the adult rat brain. 170 34

Cryostat- and vibratome-cut rat kidney secretions were singly or doubly labeled to visualize immunoreactive calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRPI) and substance P (SPI). Rats were perfused with 2-4% paraformaldehyde + 0.15% picric acid then rinsed with buffer. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to visualize CGRP in vibratome sections, and combined HRP and fluorophore were used to visualize the two peptides simultaneously in cryostat sections. There is a complex, multilayered plexus of CGRP nerves on the renal pelvis and a less dense, single-layered plexus on the major branches of the renal artery and on interlobar arteries and veins. A few axons innervate finer branches of the arterial tree and other intrarenal structures. Results of double immunolabeling suggest that SPI axons comprise a subpopulation of the CGRP axon population in the rat kidney. There was no evidence for a separate population of SPI axons.
 ...
PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the rat kidney. 170 58

1. Intracellular recordings were made from neurones of the guinea-pig gall-bladder in vitro. Intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase revealed a simple structure, consisting of a soma and a single process, but no discernible dendritic arborization. 2. The resting membrane potential was -50.5 +/- 0.4 mV and the input resistance was 80 M omega. 3. Gall-bladder neurones spiked only once at the onset of depolarizing current pulses. Action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin, but a Ca2(+)-dependent spike could be elicited in the presence of tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium. 4. Action potential after-hyperpolarizations had a duration of 172 +/- 3.7 ms and reversed at a membrane potential of -93 mV; this reversal potential was linearly related to the logarithm of the external potassium concentration. The initial phase of the after-hyperpolarization was inhibited by tetraethylammonium (1-10 mM) and was not affected by 3,4-diaminopyridine. The late phase of the after-hyperpolarization was blocked by apamin (10 nM) or curare (500 microM). Both the early and late phases of the after-hyperpolarization were inhibited when the preparation was perfused with a calcium-free, high-magnesium solution. The calcium-free, high-magnesium solution had no effect on the membrane potential or input resistance of these cells. 5. Fast excitatory synaptic responses and antidromic responses were elicited in gall-bladder neurones by focal stimulation of fibre tracts. High-frequency fibre tract stimulation often resulted in prolonged, calcium-dependent, depolarizations that were associated with a decrease in input resistance. 6. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and substance P caused depolarizations that were associated with a decrease in input resistance. Bethanechol caused hyperpolarizations that were associated with a decrease in input resistance and which were blocked by atropine.
 ...
PMID:Intracellular recording from neurones of the guinea-pig gall-bladder. 170 71

In order to examine the synaptic input to dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra from GABAergic terminals and terminals that contain substance P, double and triple immunocytochemical studies were carried out at the light and electron microscopic levels in the rat. In a first series of experiments sections of the substantia nigra were incubated to reveal axon terminals containing either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase and then incubated to reveal dopaminergic neurones using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Examination of this material in the light microscope revealed that many substance P- and glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive boutons were associated with the dopaminergic cells. In the electron microscope it was found that the perikarya and dendrites of the dopaminergic neurons received symmetrical synaptic input from terminals that displayed immunoreactivity for substance P or glutamate decarboxylase. A small proportion of the substance P-positive boutons formed asymmetrical synapses. In a second series of experiments sections of the substantia nigra were processed by the pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique for tyrosine hydroxylase and then the post-embedding immunogold technique for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Examination in the electron microscope revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons received symmetrical synaptic input from many GABA-positive terminals. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that a minimum of 50-70% of all boutons afferent to the dopaminergic neurones display glutamate decarboxylase or GABA immunoreactivity. Triple immunocytochemical studies i.e. pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P, combined with post-embedding immunogold staining for GABA, revealed that some of the substance P-immunoreactive boutons that were in contact with the dopaminergic neurones also displayed GABA immunoreactivity. In a third series of experiments the combination of anterograde transport of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or biocytin with post-embedding GABA immunocytochemistry demonstrated that at least one of the sources of GABA-containing terminals in the substantia nigra is the striatum. The results of the present study: (1) demonstrate that dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra receive symmetrical synaptic input from GABAergic and substance P-containing terminals, (2) show that a proportion of these terminals contain both substance P and GABA and (3) suggest that the major synaptic input to dopaminergic neurones is from GABAergic terminals and that a part of this innervation is derived from the striatum.
 ...
PMID:The GABA and substance P input to dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra of the rat. 170 87


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>