Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. We have transfected the rat substance P receptor (SPR) cDNA into the leukemic T-lymphocyte cell line Jurkat (J-wt) in order to study the effects of substance P (SP) on lymphocyte signaling mechanisms and the resultant neuropeptide-induced immunological changes. 2. The SPR cDNA was transfected into J-wt by the method of electroporation. Clones expressing SPRs were selected using a functional assay that measured SP-induced mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and by their expression of specific 125I-SP binding. 3. One clone, J-SPR, was identified and shown by Northern blot and 125I-SP saturation binding techniques to express the 2.2-kb SPR message and approximately 50,000 SPRs/cell with a Kd of 0.3 nM, respectively. Stimulation of J-SPR by SP resulted in the rapid mobilization of [Ca2+]i. This response was dose dependent in the range 10(-11)-10(-6) M SP and was maximal at 10(-7) M SP, with an EC50 of 0.3-0.5 nM SP. We further demonstrated that the SPR is rapidly desensitized following SP stimulation and by activation of the cell's T-cell receptor (TCR). Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments on J-SPR show that SP stimulation induces a Cl- current by a Ca2+ mediated process dependent on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK). 4. Stimulation of J-SPR by SP results in changes in the cell surface expression of a number of molecules that play important roles in cell adhesion and activation: the expression of LFA-1 is decreased, and CD2 and IL-2 receptors are increased by 30 min, 6 hr, and 24 hr, respectively, following stimulation, as assessed by antibody staining in a FACS. 5. The expression of functional SPRs in Jurkat lymphocytes will not permit a detailed examination of how the activation of SPRs result in altered immune responses and further elucidate the role this neuropeptide receptor plays in inflammation.
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PMID:Functional and immunological responses of Jurkat lymphocytes transfected with the substance P receptor. 128 54

The pattern of expression of at least four neuropeptides contained in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells is altered by exposure to the cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), alone or in combination with stimulation of other second messenger pathways. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was elevated 2- to 3-fold by 1 nM IL-1 alpha within 48 h of exposure, while neurotensin and substance P synthesis were unaffected, and met-enkephalin levels were decreased 25-35%. Stimulation of VIP and substance P biosynthesis by forskolin was markedly enhanced by IL-1 alpha, while forskolin stimulation of enkephalin and neurotensin biosynthesis was unaffected. IL-1 alpha amplified the effect of phorbol myristate acetate to increase the VIP content of chromaffin cells, but antagonized phorbol ester-induced elevation of neurotensin levels. TNF alpha also demonstrated a neuropeptide-specific pattern of modulation of second-messenger effects on chromaffin cell neuropeptide levels similar to those seen with IL-1 alpha. The neuroendocrine actions of IL-1 alpha described above, unlike IL-1 action in the immune system, do not appear to be mediated through IL-2 as this cytokine did not affect VIP or enkephalin expression in the presence or absence of protein kinase stimulation. Neither IL-1 alpha nor TNF alpha affected the calcium-coupled stimulation of neuropeptide secretion and biosynthesis that occurs in response to cell depolarization in these and other neuroendocrine cells in vitro and in vivo. These data provide a functional demonstration of IL-1 and TNF receptors in chromaffin cell cultures and suggest a physiological role for cytokine production in the adrenal medulla. Since both the magnitude and direction of neuropeptide synthesis modulation by IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha are highly peptide-specific, it appears that these cytokines do not merely augment second messenger pathways that affect neuropeptide synthesis, but potentially regulate the activity of factors controlling the pattern of neuropeptide gene expression in chromaffin cells.
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PMID:Interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha differentially regulate enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, and substance P biosynthesis in chromaffin cells. 137 39

Jurkat and HUT 78 T cell lines, as well as peripheral blood human T cells activated with PHA plus PMA were used to investigate the capacity of substance P (SP) neuropeptide to regulate IL-2 production. By using Northern blot analysis and dosage of the IL-2 release in cell supernatants, we show that SP can act as cosignal with PHA + PMA to enhance the expression of specific IL-2 mRNA and IL-2 secretion in T cells. By using the N-terminal SP(1-4) or the C-terminal SP(4-11) fragments of the entire molecule, we show that the cosignal activity is carried by the C-terminal portion of SP. The SP and SP(4-11) optimal effects were observed at 10(-12) M and 10(-10) M when a broad range of concentrations from 10(-6) M to 10(-13) M was tested. The increase of IL-2 mRNA obtained with 10(-12) M of SP in the activated Jurkat cells was reduced by adding 10(-10) or 10(-9) M of the SP antagonist (D-Pro2,-D-Phe7,-D-Trp9)SP to the culture, indicating the specificity of SP action. The up-regulation observed when 10(-12) M of SP was applied together with the mitogens on Jurkat cells, persisted after a 16-h culture period, time at which the IL-2 mRNA signal is normally back to a minimum level when the mitogens are used alone. Furthermore, an induction of IL-2 mRNA accumulation, in a 2-h pulse, was obtained with 10(-12) M of SP on Jurkat cells previously activated with mitogens for 16 h.
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PMID:Substance P enhances IL-2 expression in activated human T cells. 137 46

A duodenal biopsy culture technique was used to investigate the effect of substance P on lymphokine secretion by the human gut associated lymphoid tissue. Duodenal biopsies of 7 healthy volunteers were cultured in 1 ml medium each with Pokeweed mitogen (1 microgram/ml) for 4 days at 37 degrees C. Substance P (SP) was added in concentrations ranging from 10(-12) M to 10(-6) M. Media were changed every day. Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2 and IL-2-receptor activities were determined by means of specific ELISAs. Values were referred to 5 mg biopsy weight and expressed as per cent change of basal Pokeweed mitogen-pulsed supernatant activities. 10(-8) M and 10(-6) M SP led to a decrease of IL-1 beta activity (78 +/- 13.9% and 62.8 +/- 17.1%, respectively, alpha = 0.01 each). In contrast, 10(-8) and 10(-10) M SP showed an increase in IL-2 activity up to 182.9 +/- 94.5% and 295.6 +/- 144.7%, respectively. 10(-6) M and 10(-8) M SP enhanced IL-2 receptor activities by 81.5 +/- 70% and 40.9 +/- 11.8%, respectively (alpha = 0.05). The present data demonstrate for the first time distinct SP-mediated effects on lymphokine activities in supernatants of cultured human duodenal biopsies.
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PMID:Substance P modulates lymphokine activities in supernatants of cultured human duodenal biopsies. 246 74

Kinins are vasoactive peptides whose potent inflammatory and bone resorbing properties suggest a role for these autacoids in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. We used cultured human synovial cells as a model to evaluate the effects of bradykinin on articular tissue. In resting synovial cells, bradykinin was a relatively ineffective stimulus for PGE2 production. However, after a period of preincubation with the cytokine, IL-1, which is itself a stimulus for PGE2 production, synovial cells exhibited a further striking time- and dose-dependent response to bradykinin. Maximal release of PGE2 was observed in response to 10(-7) to 10(-6) M bradykinin after first pretreating the cells for 24 h with 5 to 10 U/ml of IL-1. rIL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, as well as rTNF-alpha, induced a similar response to bradykinin in synovial cells, whereas recombinant IL-2 did not. The bradykinin analog, lysylbradykinin, was equipotent in inducing PGE2 release from IL-1 pretreated synovial cells, whereas des(Arg9) bradykinin, substance P, and neurokinins A and B were ineffective in this regard in both IL-1-pretreated and in resting cells. Synovial cells derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis responded similarly to bradykinin. The synergistic response in PGE2 production induced by IL-1 and bradykinin was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 1 microM indomethacin or dexamethasone (96 and 94% inhibition, respectively). In addition, the response was abrogated by pretreatment with 10 micrograms/ml of cycloheximide or actinomycin D (81 and 97% inhibition, respectively). These data provide the first description of synergism of IL-1 with a noncytokine peptide in human synovial cells. The ability of IL-1 to increase the responsiveness of synovial tissues to bradykinin may play an important role in potentiating inflammatory responses within the joint.
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PMID:Preincubation of human synovial cells with IL-1 modulates prostaglandin E2 release in response to bradykinin. 247 45

We investigated here the mechanism leading to the enhancement of interleukin (IL)-2 mRNA that we described in a previous work when Jurkat cells were co-stimulated with PHA+PMA and 10(-12) M of the Substance P (SP) neuropeptide. We show that the SP-augmented IL-2 mRNA signal is totally abrogated by an early addition of cyclosporin A, actinomycin D or cycloheximide. SP does not affect the IL-2 gene transcription, as evidenced by nuclear run on assays. In contrast, a posttranscriptional alteration of the IL-2 mRNA is shown, by demonstrating that the degradation rate of IL-2 mRNA following the addition of actinomycin D, at 4 h, was delayed in the (PHA+PMA)-activated cell cultures containing 10(-12) M of SP. Thus, the SP-induced augmentation of secreted IL-2 in activated T cells we demonstrated previously must result from an SP increase of the IL-2 mRNA stability.
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PMID:Substance P stabilizes interleukin-2 mRNA in activated Jurkat cells. 751 81

Airway responsiveness is increased in a variety of airway diseases. To understand the mechanism of enhanced airway responsiveness, in particular as it pertains to asthma, animal models have been developed and extensively explored. The guinea pig and Basenji-greyhound dog are the best characterized animals showing airways hyperresponsiveness and appear to bear substantial resemblances to asthmatic human subjects. Challenge with bronchoconstrictive agonist results in bronchoconstriction and transient vascular leak. Both phenomena contribute to the degree of airway narrowing. Adenosine challenge tests not only the responsiveness of the airways, but also that of the airway effector cells such as the mastocyte. Bradykinin and tachykinin cause indirect airway narrowing, probably by liberation of leukotrienes. Responsiveness can be enhanced by immune and non-immune challenges. Ozone, Sephadex, various contractile agonists (leukotriene D-4, bradykinin, platelet-activating factor), as well as certain cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, TNF-alpha) can enhance airway responsiveness. Cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase products appear to be involved. Allergen-induced hyperresponsiveness is associated with airway inflammation and appears to involve bradykinin and PAF acutely and growth of airway smooth muscle chronically.
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PMID:[Animal models of bronchial hyperreactivity]. 751 8

The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on human IgA1 and IgA2 production were studied. In unfractionated small resting B cells stimulated with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb), VIP induced IgA1 and IgA2 production without affecting the production of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, or IgE. When small B cells were separated into sIgA1+, sIgA2+, sIgA1- and sIgA2- B cells, anti-CD40 mAb plus VIP induced IgA1 and IgA2 production by surface IgA1- (sIgA1-) and sIgA2- B cells, respectively, while having no effect on sIgA1+ and sIgA2+ B cells. This induction by VIP was specific, since anti-CD40 mAb plus other neuropeptides, i.e., somatostatin or substance P, had no effect, and moreover, the induction was specifically blocked by a VIP antagonist. Further, anti-CD40 mAb plus various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, low molecular weight B cell growth factor, and interferon-gamma, did not induce IgA1 and IgA2 production by sIgA1- and sIgA2- B cells, respectively. These results indicate that in the presence of anti-CD40 mAb, VIP induces IgA1 and IgA2 production by isotype switching.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide specifically induces human IgA1 and IgA2 production. 752 70

We studied the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on IgA1 and IgA2 production in human fetal B cells and pre-B cells derived from bone marrow. VIP induced IgA1, IgA2, and IgM production in sIgM+, CD19+ fetal B cells stimulated with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) without inducing the production of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, or IgE. The anti-CD40 MoAb plus VIP also induced IgA1, IgA2, and IgM production in sIgM-, CD19+ pre-B cells, which was enhanced by the addition of interleukin-7 (IL-7). This induction by VIP was specific, as the anti-CD40 MoAb plus other neuropeptides [ie, somatostatin (SOM) or substance P (SP)] had no effect, and moreover, the induction was specifically blocked by a VIP antagonist. Furthermore, the anti-CD40 MoAb plus various cytokines, including IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), low-molecular-weight B-cell growth factor (BCGF), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), did not induce IgA1 and IgA2 production in fetal B cells or pre-B cells. These findings indicate that, in the presence of costimulators, VIP may induce IgA1 and IgA2 production by isotype switching.
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PMID:Induction of IgA1 and IgA2 production in immature human fetal B cells and pre-B cells by vasoactive intestinal peptide. 753 91

Substance P (SP), a tachykinin neuropeptide, has been previously reported to stimulate IL-2 production in murine T cell lines activated with phorbol esters. Here we extend these observations by establishing the stimulatory effect of SP and related tachykinins on IL-2 production by normal murine lymphocytes and on purified CD4+ T cells. SP proved to be the most efficient IL-2 inducer, exerting its maximal effect at concentrations that were 4 to 5 orders of magnitude lower than the optimal stimulatory concentrations of physalaemin, NKA, or NKB. SP stimulated IL-2 production in a dose-dependent manner, with an optimal concentration range of 10(-10) to 10(-14) M, comparable with physiologic concentrations of SP found in blood and other organs. The effect of SP was carried by the carboxyl-terminal part of the molecule (SP4-11). The specificity of SP activity was confirmed by the inhibitory effect of spantide, a tachykinin antagonist, and of CP-96,345, a nonpeptide antagonist specific for NK-1-type receptors. In unfractionated spleen cell cultures SP induced de novo IL-2 protein synthesis. SP could induce IL-2 production either directly, or in combination with Con A or anti-CD3 antibody treatments. The effect of SP in conjunction with Con A was synergistic, whereas the effect in conjunction with anti-CD3 antibodies was additive, suggesting different molecular mechanisms for these stimulatory factors. In the absence of additional costimuli the effect of SP in unfractionated spleen cell cultures was partially mediated through the induction of IL-1, and both SP and IL-1 were required for IL-2 induction in purified CD4+ T cells. In contrast to its stimulatory effect on the generation of IL-2, SP did not induce IFN-gamma production in murine spleen cells. The stimulatory effect of SP on IL-2 production suggests that some of the already described immunostimulatory activities of SP could be mediated through the up-regulation of IL-2 production in normal lymphocytes.
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PMID:Stimulation of IL-2 production in murine lymphocytes by substance P and related tachykinins. 768 9


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