Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vasodilation, conjunctival and nasal edema as well as miosis are symptoms associated with cluster headache (CH) attacks. Similar symptomatology is caused by substance P (SP) release from peripheral trigeminal nerve endings. The symptomatic effect of somatostatin (SRIF) during CH attacks was attributed to the inhibition of SP release from trigeminal neurons. This study was designed to evaluate both the vascular effect of SRIF on the dorsal hand vein and SRIF plasma levels prior to and after subcutaneous and intranasal administration in CH patients. A powerful venoconstriction and tachyphylaxis were demonstrated when SRIF was administered both as bolus and infusion. Plasma levels of SRIF in CH sufferers were lower than in control subjects. Subcutaneous and intranasal SRIF administrations induced maximal plasma levels after 5 and 10 min, respectively. These data suggest that SRIF plays an important role during CH attacks; however, its exact mechanism of action is still to be defined.
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PMID:A pharmacological approach to the analgesizing mechanism of somatostatin in cluster headache. 288 82

Headaches can be of sinugenic origin even if this cause may not be suspected from the case history. Endoscopy of the lateral nasal wall with rigid cold light endoscopes in combination with polytomography or computed tomography usually will reveal the underlying causes hidden from the unaided eye, the operating microscope, and standard x-ray examination. Small lesions in the lesser cells of the ethmoid complex may give rise to headaches, especially when located in the key areas of the ethmoid infundibulum or frontal recess. Many anatomic variations of the structures in the middle meatus can narrow the stenotic clefts even more and thus predispose to more or less intense contact of opposing mucosal surfaces. This may impede or block ventilation and drainage of the ethmoid and surrounding larger sinuses and thus affect those as well. After identification of these underlying causes, functional endoscopic sinus surgery with usually minimal operations often can provide dramatic relief of symptoms that may have been present for months or even years. The neuropeptides recently were newly identified as a group of mediators besides the neurotransmitters noradrenalin and acetylcholine. Substance P (SP) is one of the most important neuropeptides that we can identify in the human nasal mucosa. It mediates pain impulses to the cortex via afferent C fibers. Simultaneously from polymodal receptors in the nasal mucosa, local reflexes are mediated by SP via an axon reflex, causing vasodilatation, plasma extravasation ("neurogenic edema"), and hypersecretion. The receptors can be stimulated by chemical and caloric irritants and also mechanical irritants such as pressure. The pressure exerted on nasal mucosa by polyps or mucosal swelling due to other reasons in the ethmoid clefts, cells, and narrow spaces apparently can be enough to trigger an SP-mediated pain sensation via afferent C fibers. Over the axon reflex an initially small lesion may lead in a vicious circle to quite significant symptoms. The model of "referred pain" explains why the pain is not necessarily felt at its origin, but may be projected onto corresponding dermatomes. The pain-mediating function of SP can be blocked selectively by capsaicin, the pungent component of red pepper, which leads to desensitization of the receptors and degeneration of the afferent C fibers without affecting other sensory qualities. In patients with vasomotor rhinitis we were able to block all the patients' symptoms including headaches by topical administration of capsaicin. After identification of underlying causes with endoscopy and CT, lesions and contact areas should be operated upon if medical treatment fails.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Headaches and sinus disease: the endoscopic approach. 314 Jul 3

C-fiber-dependent neurogenic plasma extravasation developed in the dura mater but not the brain after electric stimulation of the rat trigeminal ganglion or after chemical stimulation of perivascular axons with intravenous capsaicin, a drug that depolarizes sensory nerve fibers. C-fiber-independent extravasation also developed in this tissue after intravenous injections of substance P or neurokinin A (two constituents of unmyelinated C fibers) and after serotonin, bradykinin, or allergic challenge in presensitized animals. Intravenous dihydroergotamine or ergotamine tartrate, in doses similar to those used to treat migraine and cluster headache, prevented the stimulation-induced leakage of plasma proteins within the dura mater. Not unexpectedly, the acute administration of methysergide, a drug effective in the prophylactic treatment of headache, was inactive in this acute model. Neither acute nor chronic administration of propranolol affected stimulation-induced leakage of plasma protein. These results demonstrate that neurogenic inflammation develops within the dura mater in the rat and that ergot alkaloids prevent the process by a C-fiber-dependent mechanism.
Cephalalgia 1988 Jun
PMID:Neurogenically mediated plasma extravasation in dura mater: effect of ergot alkaloids. A possible mechanism of action in vascular headache. 340 21

In order to clarify the mechanism of the analgesic effect of ceruletide (CRL), the peptides B-endorphin (BE), ACTH, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and substance P were determined in the basal state and following IV CRL administration in 11 patients. CRL, at the dose of 2 ng/kg/min, significantly augmented BE levels in the plasma, and in CSF. Substance P levels were significantly augmented by CRL in the plasma, while ACTH levels were significantly augmented in CSF. GH and PRL levels were not affected by CRL. Placebo had no effect on any of the measured peptides. The effect of CRL on mood and anxiety, known to be affected by opioids, was studied in 14 patients with psychogenic headache. The effect of histamine induced headache on State trait anxiety inventory and on Mood adjective check list was studied before and after administration of placebo or CRL. CRL significantly diminished anxiety when compared to placebo. Elation, surgency and egotism were significantly augmented while skepticism was significantly diminished by CRL. The CRL effect on mood and pain may be mediated by augmented levels of neurohormones both in the plasma and in CSF.
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PMID:Effect of ceruletide on pituitary-hypothalamic peptides and on emotion in man. 617 96

Nerve fibres containing noradrenaline, acetylcholinesterase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P were demonstrated in the dura mater of guinea-pigs using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. These fibres accompanied blood vessels of all size, indicating a vasomotor role. In addition, some nerve fibres were observed without any obvious relation to the blood vessels. The rich supply of nerve fibres to the various parts of the dura mater may possibly be of importance in the pathogenesis of some types of headache.
Cephalalgia 1981 Dec
PMID:Adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nerve fibres in dura mater--involvement in headache? 618 93

Substance P appears to be involved in the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain stem. Substance P containing neurons are responsible for the neurogenic vasodilation identical to that obtained by substance P release evoked by antidromic stimulation of these fibres. Both endogenous opioids and somatostatin inhibit the release of substance P from central and peripheral endings. Present pharmacological investigations conclude that morphine and somatostatin are as effective as ergotamine in reducing the pain of CH. All three drugs are significantly more active than placebo. Somatostatin and opiates could act by inhibiting the release of substance P.
Cephalalgia 1983 Aug
PMID:Substance P and endogenous opioids: how and where they could play a role in cluster headache. 619 86

Nervous connections between the trigeminal ganglia and cerebral blood vessels have recently been identified in experimental animals and have been termed the trigeminovascular system. Existence of this system in humans is inferential. Trigeminovascular neurons and their peripheral unmyelinated nerve fibers contain the neurotransmitter peptide substance P. Most newly synthesized substance P is transported from ganglion cell bodies to afferent nerve fibers, where depolarization-induced release of neurotransmitter into the wall of the cerebral blood vessel occurs. Substance P dilates pial arteries, increases vascular permeability, and activates cells that participate in the inflammatory response. The relationship of trigeminovascular fibers to the pathogenesis of vascular head pain sheds light on possible mechanisms of migraine and other central nervous system conditions associated with headache and inflammation.
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PMID:The neurobiology of vascular head pain. 620 79

Prolonged cerebrospinal fluid leakage from the dural puncture site is considered the most important factor in the development of post-myelography headache. Incidences of post-myelography headache and post dural puncture headache vary a lot--possible reasons are discussed. The statement that patients with a low substance P level in cerebrospinal fluid are prone to developing a post dural puncture headache seems especially interesting. Articles considering clinical as well as experimental studies are reviewed.
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PMID:[Postmyelographic headache]. 749 16

Levels of substance P (SP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in platelets were measured in 25 patients with migraine, 31 patients with tension-type headache (TH) and 27 healthy controls. The mean concentration of SP in platelets was 355.3 pg/10(9) platelets in patients with migraine, 290.8 pg/10(9) platelets in patients with TH and 180.8 pg/10(9) platelets in the controls. The concentrations of platelet SP in the migrainous patients and in the TH patients were significantly higher than those in the controls. The mean concentration of 5-HT in platelets was 619.7 ng/10(9) platelets in patients with migraine, 579.3 ng/10(9) platelets in patients with TH and 811.9 ng/10(9) platelets in the controls. The concentration of platelet 5-HT in the patients with TH was significantly lower than that in the controls. The platelet SP/5-HT ratio in the migrainous patients and in the TH patients were significantly higher than that in the controls. There was significant negative correlation between the concentrations of platelet SP and those of platelet 5-HT. These results may support the hypothesis that SP released from the terminals of the trigeminal nerves causes migraine either through direct actions on the vessels or by releasing 5-HT from the platelets. The high levels of platelet SP in TH patients might reflect release of SP from the pain sensory system.
Headache
PMID:Platelet substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine in migraine and tension-type headache. 750 72

In eight patients carotid angiography was required for evaluation of transient neurological attacks. Cerebral blood flow results, angiography and clinical observations subsequently suggested the diagnosis of migraine. We measured plasma concentrations of substance P(SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in repeated blood samples obtained from the carotid artery and the internal jugular vein in conjunction with cerebral angiography followed by 4 to 6 repeated recordings of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with the intracarotid Xenon-133 injection technique. This technique is known to induce attacks of migraine with aura in many sufferers. Four patients developed aura symptoms. In three this was succeeded by throbbing headache. Typical, migraine-related, focal hypoperfusion occurred in conjunction with the aura symptoms. The remaining four patients had no symptoms or rCBF changes. There were no systematic or statistically significant changes over time in arterial-venous plasma concentrations or in the release rates of any of the peptides. All migraineurs had an overall elevated mean CGRP value compared to control values from the literature. The overall plasma levels of the potent vasoconstrictor NPY were higher (p < 0.10) in the group that developed symptoms and rCBF changes (136 pmol/l) than in the non-symptomatic group (97 pmol/l). The difference in NPY levels could perhaps be associated with the focal rCBF decrease seen in the attack group.
Cephalalgia 1994 Feb
PMID:Absence of vasoactive peptide release from brain to cerebral circulation during onset of migraine with aura. 751 29


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