Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cells of the immune system synthesize prolactin and express mRNA and receptors for that hormone. Interleukin 1, interleukin 6, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor, platelet activator factor, and substance P participate in the release of prolactin. This hormone is involved in the pathogenesis of adjuvant arthritis and restores immunocompetence in experimental models. In vitro studies suggest that lymphocytes are an important target tissue for circulating prolactin. Prolactin antibodies inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. Prolactin is comitogenic with concanavalin A and induces interleukin 2 receptors on the surface of lymphocytes. Prolactin stimulates ornithine decarboxylase and activates protein kinase C, which are pivotal enzymes in the differentiation, proliferation, and function of lymphocytes. Cyclosporine A interferes with prolactin binding to its receptors on lymphocytes. Hyperprolactinemia has been found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and low back pain patients present a hyperprolactinemic response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Experimental autoimmune uveitis, as well as patients with uveitis whether or not associated with spondyloarthropathies, and patients with psoriatic arthritis may respond to bromocriptine treatment. Suppression of circulating prolactin by bromocriptine appears to improve the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporine A with significantly less toxicity. Prolactin may also be a new marker of rejection in heart-transplant patients. This body of evidence may have an impact in the study of rheumatic disorders, especially connective tissue diseases. A role for prolactin in autoimmune diseases remains to be demonstrated.
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PMID:Prolactin, immunoregulation, and autoimmune diseases. 206 74

Plasma levels of a variety of hormones have been measured in patients within two hours of the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction and before commencement of any treatment. Increased plasma concentrations were found for norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, aldosterone, vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide, corticotrophin, prolactin, cortisol and substance P while plasma renin activity was raised. The plasma concentrations of insulin, growth hormone, neurotensin, bombesin and vasointestinal peptide were normal.
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PMID:Hormonal response in untreated myocardial infarction. 210 97

An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus. The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. 241 88

The central effects of both an antagonist and an antiserum to substance P (SP) on gonadotropin and prolactin (Prl) secretion were studied in castrated male rats. The lateral ventricular injection (20 micrograms) of an analogue to SP possessing antagonistic properties resulted in significantly suppressed serum LH levels without altering serum FSH and Prl levels when compared with saline-injected control animals. Similarly, the lateral ventricular injection of an antiserum to SP also resulted in significantly suppressed LH levels when compared to control animals injected with normal rabbit serum. Additionally, no changes were observed in the levels of serum FSH and Prl as a result of the anti-SP injection. Thus, although indirect, these results support the hypothesis that SP may have a central stimulatory action on LH secretion, but not FSH and Prl secretion.
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PMID:Central effects of an antagonist and an antiserum to substance P on serum gonadotropin and prolactin secretion. 241 27

Two immunocytochemical methods, immunoperoxidase and immunogold (IG), were used in an attempt to study the dynamic process of prolactin release from stimulated rat pituitary mammotrophs. The immunogold method was also used to localize other pituitary hormones including growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and the neuropeptides substance P, neuropeptide tyrosine, leu-enkephalin, and atrial natriuretic factor in peripheral nerves. Light-microscopic immunoperoxidase staining of prolactin revealed a unique distribution of immunoreactive mammotrophs. Two groups of cells were seen, one centrally located and one forming a narrow peripheral rim on the gland. The two groups were separated by a zone of nonimmunoreactive cells. In addition, the distribution of immunoperoxidase-stained material was not uniform in all mammotrophs. In some, prolactin immunoreactive material was clumped near the nucleus (in the Golgi cisternae); in others it was more diffused within the cytoplasm (but immediately surrounding the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum). After stimulation of mammotrophs, via suckling, prolactin-immunoreactive material was visualized in extracellular spaces. With immunogold methods, prolactin labelling was seen mainly in secretory granules; but some labelling of Golgi cisternae and rough endoplasmic reticulum also occurred. Immunogold labelling revealed that material immunoreactive for leu-enkephalin and atrial natriuretic factor was present in nerve terminals in the rat paracervical ganglion. Material immunoreactive for substance P and neuropeptide tyrosine was present in nerve terminals in the guinea pig heart. Thus, in some situations the immunoperoxidase technique was useful and helped to visualize "grossly" the presence of specific antigens, but it was inadequate for fine ultrastructural localization of these antigens. The immunogold technique was excellent for precise localization of antigens and especially for the detection of colocalization of different antigens. This method can be used in very different structures, such as the adenohypophysis and peripheral nervous tissue, without any modification except for the nature of the antibodies.
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PMID:Use of immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods in studying prolactin secretion and application of immunogold labelling for pituitary hormones and neuropeptides. 242 15

The cochleae of juvenile guinea pigs were investigated for the presence of several neuropeptides. Glucagon, insulin, CCK and beta-endorphin immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers as well as hair cells were demonstrated by the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. Small amounts of substance P were also found in different sites in the inner ear. In contrast, prolactin-like material could not be found at all. These findings have significance with regard to the putative role of neuropeptides in neuromodulation.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical detection of peptides in the guinea pig cochlea. 242 64

The effects of the acute injection of a rabbit anti-substance P serum (ASPS) were studied in normal rats and rats with hyperprolactinemia induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and estradiol given as a short or chronic treatment. The anti-substance P serum decreased the release of prolactin induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan when this serotonin precursor was injected 24 h, but not 1 h, after the administration of the antiserum. ASPS reduced the hyperprolactinemia induced by short and chronic treatment with estradiol in castrated rats. This effect was observed 24 h after the injection of the antiserum. On the other hand, the injection of ASPS induced a significant decrease in LH levels in serum of intact male rats injected with 5-hydroxytryptophan 24 h after ASPS, and in castrated rats treated with short-term and chronic administration of estradiol, 24 h after the injection of the antiserum. These results suggest that substance P may have a role in the control of prolactin secretion and could play a part in the hyperprolactinemic effects of estradiol. On the other hand, substance P, under certain circumstances, may stimulate LH release.
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PMID:Effect of an anti-substance P serum on prolactin and gonadotropins in hyperprolactinemic rats. 244 53

Push-pull cannulae were implanted into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (POA) of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. After recovery animals were treated with estradiol (E2) or corn oil and they were perfused 3 days later. Substance P (SP) concentrations were measured in 15 min perfusate fractions, blood samples were taken at similar intervals. SP concentration in POA perfusates were readily measurable. Following estrogen priming SP release increased significantly each afternoon prior to the estrogen induced prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges. No such increase of SP release was observed in OVX rats with constant LH and prolactin levels throughout the day. Mean SP rates in OVX rats were significantly higher in comparison to OVX estrogen-primed rats. These results indicate that SP may be involved in the feedback mechanisms of estrogen on prolactin and LH release. Authenticity of SP in POA perfusates was made probable by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) where synthetic SP eluted at the same retention time as the signal measured in push-pull perfusates.
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PMID:In vivo release rates of substance P in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area of ovariectomized and ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats: correlation with luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels. 245 36

In an attempt to identify a physiological prolactin-releasing factor in the sheep, ovariectomized ewes were given intracarotid injections (10(-8)-10(-7) mol/animal) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine-isoleucine amide (PHI), oxytocin (OT), arginine vasopressin (AVP), substance P (SP), bombesin (BB), neurotensin (NT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Administration of TRH, AVP, NT and OT resulted in immediate and significant increases in plasma prolactin concentrations, the greatest stimulatory effect being obtained after TRH; other peptides had no effect in ovariectomized hypothalamo-pituitary intact ewes. AVP, NT and OT failed to release prolactin in ovariectomized ewes. These results suggest that (1) AVP, NT and OT may act via the hypothalamus to regulate prolactin secretion in hypothalamo-pituitary intact ewes; (2) VIP, PHI, SP, BB and NPY appear to have no direct roles at the pituitary level to control prolactin secretion in sheep, and (3) TRH stimulates prolactin secretion in ovariectomized ewes by a direct pituitary action.
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PMID:Effect and site of action of hypothalamic neuropeptides on prolactin release in sheep. 246 Jul 94

Substance P, an undecapeptide isolated from gut and brain tissues, was reported to stimulate prolactin release. It was suggested that substance P may play a role in the control of prolactin secretion. In this investigation we studied the effects of the blockade of endogenous substance P by the administration of a specific anti-substance P serum on serum prolactin levels in rats in the evening of proestrus, in lactating rats after suckling, and in male rats with hyperprolactinemia induced by grafting 2 anterior pituitary glands under the kidney capsule. The injection of the anti-substance P serum was followed by a significant decrease of the prolactin surge induced by 30 min suckling in lactating rats, when the antiserum was administered 24 hr but not 5.30 hr earlier. Anti-substance P serum also induced a significant decrease in serum prolactin levels in pituitary grafted rats, but induced no change in the proestrous surge of prolactin and LH. These results show that substance P may be involved in the release of prolactin induced by suckling and that this peptide may have an intrapituitary role in the process of prolactin release. On the other hand, substance P does not seem to play a significant role in the proestrous peak of prolactin and LH.
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PMID:Effect of passive immunization against substance P in rats with hyperprolactinemia. 246 65


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