Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been shown that infusion of certain neuropeptides into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) results in increased motor activity and enhanced dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens. In the present experiments, substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), d-ala-metenkephalin (DALA) and morphine sulfate (MS) were injected bilaterally into the VTA and their effects on conditioned reinforcement were assessed. These effects were compared with infusion of amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens, which has previously been shown to strongly enhance responding for conditioned reinforcers. For these experiments, hungry rats were trained to associate a compound stimulus (light and click) with the presentation of food. In the test phase, responding on one lever (CR lever) resulted in the presentation of the stimulus but no food. Responding on the other (NCR lever) had no consequences. Different groups of animals received microinjections (0.5 microliter, bilaterally) of SP (0, 0.03, 0.3, 3.0 micrograms), NT (0, 0.025, 0.25, 0.5 microgram), DALA (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 microgram) or morphine (0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 micrograms) into the VTA. SP infusion into the VTA resulted in a small increase in responding which was not selective for the CR lever. NT, DALA and morphine had no effect on responding for conditioned reward. In contrast, amphetamine (0, 0.2, 2.0, 20 micrograms) injected into the nucleus accumbens markedly enhanced responding for conditioned reward. These findings suggest that stimulation of the mesolimbic system at the level of the DA cell bodies, which induces a small increase in DA turnover, is not sufficient to potentiate responding for conditioned reward. On the other hand, an important requirement for potentiation may be excessive release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
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PMID:Dopamine and conditioned reinforcement. II. Contrasting effects of amphetamine microinjection into the nucleus accumbens with peptide microinjection into the ventral tegmental area. 170 89

A comparative study was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilization modes on the soil nematode community structure in a paddy field with paddy rice and wheat rotation in Jintan County (31 degrees 39'41.8" N, 119 degrees 28'23.5" E) of Jiangsu Province, East China. Six treatments were installed, i. e., no fertilization (CK), 100% chemical NPK fertilization (F), pig manure compost plus 50% chemical fertilization (PF), straw returning plus 100% chemical fertilization (SF), pig manure compost and straw returning plus 50% chemical fertilization (PSF), and application of commercial pig manure-inorganic complex fertilizer (PMF). The soil samples were collected from the field after the paddy rice harvested in autumn. The two continuous years study showed that the soil nematode community structure varied with fertilization treatments and years. The combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures increased the total number of soil nematodes, decreased the abundance of soil bacterivorous nematodes, and made the abundance of predator- and omnivore nematodes increased significantly. No significant differences were observed in the abundance of soil fungivorous nematodes among all the treatments. Chemical fertilization alone and the application of commercial pig manure-inorganic complex fertilizer had no obvious suppression effect on the soil phytophagous nematodes. The abundance of soil bacteriavorous nematodes under the combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures was relatively increased in the second year, as compared with that in the first year, while the abundance of soil phytophagous nematodes (Hirschmanniella) was relatively decreased in the second year. From the aspect of nematode ecological indices, the Margalef diversity index (H) under the combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures in the second year had an increasing trend, while the NCR index had less change. The Wasilewka index had a relative increase in the second year, while the plant-parasitic index had a relative decrease. It was suggested that the application of organic manure could increase the abundance of soil microbivorous nematodes, and made the soil environment tend to be healthy.
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PMID:[Effects of different organic manure sources and their combinations with chemical fertilization on soil nematode community structure in a paddy field of East China]. 2469 72