UNIPROT:P20366 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies from this and other laboratories demonstrated that many embryonic sensory ganglion cells in the rat transiently express the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a trait not expressed by most mature sensory neurons. We, therefore, sought to determine whether transient expression was uniquely associated with catecholaminergic traits, or, alternatively, whether embryonic ganglion cells transiently expressed peptidergic properties as well. Of the four peptides examined (somatostatin [somatotropin release inhibiting factor] (SRIF), galanin (Gal), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP)), only SRIF was found to be transiently expressed during early stages of sensory gangliogenesis. Surprisingly, SRIF immunoreactivity was observed in virtually all cranial and spinal sensory ganglion cells on embryonic day (E) 12.5. In addition to perikaryal labeling, intense SRIF immunoreactivity was also observed in the central and peripheral processes of E12.5 sensory neurons, suggesting the peptide may be released from nerve endings. The time course of SRIF appearance in cranial ganglion cells paralleled that previously described for TH, and double-labeling studies revealed extensive co-localization of these two phenotypes. By E16.5, however, the number of neurons expressing SRIF had diminished markedly, indicating that SRIF is only transiently expressed by most sensory neurons during early stages of ganglion development. An unexpected finding was that transient expression of SRIF is also a prominent feature of sympathetic ganglion cells; however, the temporal pattern of staining in the sympathetic and sensory ganglia differed substantially. Whereas virtually no SRIF staining was observed in E12.5 sympathetics, the vast majority of cells in the E16.5 superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were labeled. This contrasted sharply with the adult SCG, in which only low levels of SRIF expression were found. These findings demonstrate that SRIF peptide is transiently expressed at high levels in peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons during embryogenesis. The time course and widespread distribution of SRIF expression indicates that the peptide may play a role in early stages of ganglion cell growth and development. Moreover, these data, in conjunction with previous studies demonstrating SRIF immunoreactivity in developing central neurons, suggest that transient expression of this peptide is a common property of diverse neuronal cell types.
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PMID:Transient expression of somatostatin peptide is a widespread feature of developing sensory and sympathetic neurons in the embryonic rat. 135 5

In order to study the regulation of co-localized monoamine and peptide neurotransmitters in the medullary raphe nuclei (MRN), we determined whether inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis affected levels of preprotachykinin (PPT; the prohormone precursor of substance P) mRNA in the MRN. Adult rats received p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), via Alzet minipumps. TPH activity was inhibited by 70-80% for 3 weeks following pump implantation. During this period Northern mRNA analysis revealed that PPT mRNA levels in the MRN were increased 1.5-2-fold. The pCPA-induced increase was specific for PPT mRNA since no change was detected in mRNA coding for neuron-specific enolase (NSE; a constitutive neuronal protein) or 28 S ribosomal RNA. To determine whether fetal inhibition of 5-HT synthesis affected development of PPT mRNA in the MRN, pregnant rats were administered pCPA via Alzet minipump implanted on embryonic day 8. In pCPA-treated litters TPH activity was decreased by 60-70% from E16 to postnatal day 3 (P3), returning to control levels by P8. Northern mRNA analysis revealed that PPT mRNA levels increased 2.4-fold of control levels at P1. Infusion of pCPA for one week resulted in an earlier increase in PPT mRNA levels, suggesting that birth was not required to elicit the surge in PPT message. These results support the hypothesis that alterations in 5-HT metabolism have regulatory consequences for co-localized substance P formation in the MRN.
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PMID:Tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition increases preprotachykinin mRNA in developing and adult medullary raphe nuclei. 169 45

We examined the ontogeny of the system with substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPI) in the chicken retina by indirect immunofluorescence method. Amacrine cells containing SPI first appeared at embryonic day 7 (E7) in the peripheral portion of the retina. At E8, they had increased in number and now extended medially to the central portion. They continued to increase in number, reaching a maximum between E13-15. After the chicks hatched, the number of SPI cells was unchanged. SPI fibers first appeared at E8 in the periphery. SPI fibers were both at the ora serrata and in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), which were not abundant. After E8, they increased in number. The increase was particularly rapid in the IPL between E10 and E16 and at the ora serrata between E15 and E19. SPI fibers reached the maximum number immediately after hatching. After that, SPI fibers in the IPL were unchanged in number. Those at the ora serrata decreased slightly in number with age, though SPI fibers were still numerous in the chicken retina 2 weeks and 1 month after hatching. These results showed that development of SPI is different for subtypes of SPI cells and for different location. This heterogeneity in development may reflect the functional differences of substance P depending on cell type and fiber location.
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PMID:Ontogeny of substance P-containing structures in the chicken retina: immunohistochemical analysis. 243 Jun 79

The embryonic development of substance P (SP) in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice has been studied with the use of peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry. Immature SP-positive cells initially appear at embryonic day 12 (E12) in the epithalamus and in a column of cells extending from the myelencephalon throughout the length of the neural tube. By E13, SP-positive cells appear in the amygdaloid nuclear complex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the caudal medulla. Fibers are first detected in the stria terminalis at this age. Over the next 48 hours, a plethora of SP-positive cells appears throughout the CNS, notably in the septal area, diagonal band nucleus, piriform cortex, accumbens nucleus, hypothalamus, rostral striatum, superior and inferior colliculi, intercollicular nucleus, substantia nigra, interpeduncular nucleus, vestibular nuclei, spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, and the nucleus of the tractus solitarii. Subsequently, SP-positive neurons and fibers increase in number and staining intensity except in the medullary raphe where the apparent number of SP-positive neurons decreases after E16. Whereas the pattern of SP staining is quite similar in mice and rats, the time of initial detection of SP-like immunoreactivity in specific nuclei is 1-4 days earlier in mice than that reported in rats with different antisera.
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PMID:Development of substance P-containing neurons in the central nervous system in mice: an immunocytochemical study. 246 93

Serotoninergic and cholinergic neurons are known to appear earlier in the ontogeny (day E12) of the murine gut than those containing substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide (day E14). It has also been demonstrated that proliferating neural precursors coexist with mature neurons in developing enteric ganglia. These observations have led to the hypotheses that peptidergic neurons develop later than those that utilize small molecule neurotransmitters and that the activity of early developing neurons may affect the phenotypic expression of coexisting neuroblasts. As a partial test of these hypotheses we studied the phenotypic expression of neurons recognized by antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and of those visualized by the histochemical demonstration of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity. NADPH diaphorase activity, which is coexpressed with NPY immunoreactivity in all submucosal and many myenteric neurons, was first found on day E11 in clusters of cells in the dorsal mesogastrium. These cells also expressed neurofilament reactivity and thus were developing along a neuronal lineage. Enteric neurons that expressed NADPH diaphorase activity were visualized in the stomach one day later, on day E12. At this time, NADPH diaphorase-containing cells could no longer be demonstrated in the dorsal mesogastrium. NPY immunoreactivity first appeared in the wall of the bowel on day E12, when it was seen in cells in the presumptive stomach. By day E13, the entire length of the bowel contained NPY-immunoreactive neurons. Cells that displayed NADPH diaphorase activity were found at this time at both ends of the alimentary tract, but did not appear in the ileum until day E18. In contrast, CGRP immunoreactivity could not be detected anywhere in the gut until day E17, but by day E18 all regions of the bowel contained CGRP-immunoreactive neurons. Endogenous 5-HT was first detected at day E16 in mucosal epithelial cells in all segments of the gut except the stomach, where it appeared at day E18. The NPY/NADPH diaphorase set of neurons thus develop before the acquisition of a detectable level of endogenous 5-HT or enteric neural 5-HT receptors (which arise in the foregut at day E14). These observations demonstrate that enteric neurons that express small molecule neurotransmitters do not necessarily develop earlier than peptidergic neurons as a class; however, various types of enteric neurons do appear in a sequential order.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Time course of expression of neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and NADPH diaphorase activity in neurons of the developing murine bowel and the appearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mucosal enterochromaffin cells. 278 79

The putative neurotransmitter substance P was localized in the embryonic and neonatal mouse trigeminal nerve by indirect immunofluorescence. Central terminals in the nucleus caudalis gave a positive substance P-like immunofluorescence (SPLI) reaction of E13-E14. SPLI subsequently appeared in the peripheral mucous and cutaneous nerves at E16-17 at which time trigeminal nucleus cell bodies were also positive. These findings indicate the early development of primary afferent nociceptive pathways.
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PMID:The ontogeny of substance P fibers in the mouse trigeminal nerve. 617 80

The mammalian striatum is divided into two compartments, the patch (or striosome) and the matrix, which differ on the basis of several cytochemical markers, connection patterns, and time of neurogenesis. In the rat, the patch compartment consists of clusters of neurons isolated by matrix neurons; included in the patch compartment is a rim of neurons subjacent to the corpus callosum and external capsule, called the subcallosal streak. To study the genesis and migration patterns of striatal neurons forming these compartments, we injected pregnant rats with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU, which is incorporated into DNA during S-phase mitosis) on embryonic (E) day 14, to label patch neurons, or on E19, to label matrix neurons. Embryos were sacrificed at intervals after injection, for detection of BrdU by immunocytochemistry. Cells labeled at E14 were distributed fairly uniformly in the differentiated portion of the caudate-putamen through E19. However, by the day of birth (P0), E14-labeled cells were clustered into patches and the subcallosal streak. Using double immunocytochemistry for BrdU and for the patch marker substance P, we demonstrated a caudal-rostral gradient in the birth dates of neurons in the patch compartment; E14-labeled cells occupied substance P-labeled patches at the level of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, but patches further rostral were nearly devoid of E14-labeled cells. The distance between the lateral ventricle and the nearest E14-labeled cells was greater on E19 than on E16 or on P0, suggesting secondary movement of early-born neurons during the process of cluster formation. Neurons labeled at E19 formed the matrix surrounding clusters of unlabeled cells, except in the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), where E19-labeled cells formed clusters. The data suggest that the uniformly-distributed population of early-born neurons is disrupted by the invasion of later-born (matrix) neurons, forcing the early-born neurons into clusters which are displaced toward the ventricular surface to form the patch compartment. Early-born neurons adjacent to the external capsule are not displaced, forming the subcallosal streak.
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PMID:Genesis and migration patterns of neurons forming the patch and matrix compartments of the rat striatum. 753 3

To study the comparative development of the two major neuropeptide genes of the striatum, we used immunocytochemistry to detect immunoreactivity (ir) for substance P and synenkephalin (the N terminus of proenkephalin), and in situ hybridization to detect proenkephalin mRNA. Earliest detection of substance P-ir was in the anlage of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST, at E15) and in the rostral-lateral caudate-putamen (CPu), at E16. Substance P in the BST was immediately subjacent to the medial ganglionic eminence, while immunoreactivity in the CPu was associated with the lateral ganglionic eminence. Earliest detection of synenkephalin-ir or proenkephalin mRNA was in the caudal-lateral CPu and the adjacent central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce), at E16. Over the next several days, expression of each neuropeptide spread toward the region of first expression of the other neuropeptide. The first overlap of expression of the two neuropeptides was at E18, at the level of the septum. Despite correspondence of substance P-ir and proenkephalin mRNA in patches at P0, very little co-expression of the two neuropeptides was evident in individual neurons. We propose a model in which the CPu develops primarily from the lateral ganglionic eminence, and the extended amygdala develops primarily from the medial ganglionic eminence. Within each structure, two poles of neuropeptide gene expression are established initially: substance P-ir in the rostral CPu and in the rostral-medial pole of the extended amygdala (represented by the BST), and synenkephalin/proenkephalin in the caudal CPu and in the caudal-lateral pole of the extended amygdala (represented by the Ce). A stream of substance P-ir cells connects the two poles of the extended amygdala, in the sublenticular substantia innominata.
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PMID:The development of enkephalin and substance P neurons in the basal ganglia: insights into neostriatal compartments and the extended amygdala. 753 4

The first appearance of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL), leucine-enkephalin (1-ENK), and methionine-enkephalin (m-ENK) in the male mouse submandibular glands were different for each. VIP immunoreactive fibers first appeared on embryonic day 15 (E15), SP on E16, and CGRP fibers on E18. GAL, 1-ENK, and m-ENK fibers appeared in the early postnatal period, and NPY fibers occurred on postnatal day 21 (P21). From P0 to P21, VIP fibers rapidly increased in number, but SP and CGRP fibers increased only slightly. After P21, VIP, SP, and CGRP fibers decreased in number. ENK fibers were found only from P0 to P14. The number of these immunoreactive fibers in the adult phase was low in comparison with that in early postnatal phase. Around the blood vessels, SP, VIP, CGRP, NPY, and GAL fibers appeared by at least P7. These findings suggested that the transient high activity of VIP, CGRP, SP, and GAL and the transient appearance of ENKs in the nerve fibers may be related to the cell proliferation and differentiation of the functionally important structures of the mouse submandibular glands, and that the peptidergic innervation around the vasculature is probably involved in controlling local glandular circulation.
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PMID:Ontogeny of the peptidergic fibers in the male mouse submandibular gland. 887 84

The pattern of neurokinin-1 receptor-like immunoreactivity (NK-1Rir) was mapped in perinatal and adult mouse striatum by using a new polyclonal antiserum. NK-1Rir was detected in the differentiating regions of the ganglionic eminences on embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5). NK-1Rir structures were enriched in the striatal patch compartment between E16.5 and approximately postnatal day 3 (P3); distributed more uniformly, within portions of both the patch and matrix compartments on P7; and enriched in the matrix compartment in the adult. Analysis of the phenotype of NK-1Rir cells on P2, P7, and in the adult suggested that cholinergic cells accounted for the majority of NK-1Rir cells early postnatally, with increasing contributions from somatostatinergic cells later postnatally. In the adult, approximately half of NK-1Rir cells were cholinergic and half were somatostatinergic. The transient enrichment of NK-1R-bearing cells and processes in the patch compartment which contains cells that express substance P (SP), a putative ligand for the NK-1R, may be a consequence of compartment formation or may be functionally important for compartment development.
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PMID:The neostriatal mosaic: basis for the changing distribution of neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity during development. 895 11

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