UNIPROT:P20366 - FACTA Search

Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Target Concepts:

Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The perivascular innervation of the superior mesenteric artery and vein was examined using immunohistochemical and immunoassay techniques in rats 8 weeks after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ). Increased density of innervation and fluorescence intensity was noted for substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the diabetic vessels. A slight increase in the density of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers innervating the mesenteric artery was also noted. However, there was no change in the density of neuropeptide Y- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers, although the fluorescence intensity of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibers was reduced in diabetic rat vessels. Immunoassays showed that the levels of substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide were increased > 10-fold in the diabetic mesenteric vein, while levels of neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were unchanged. In summary, there is a marked increase in nerve fibers containing sensory neuropeptides in mesenteric vessels of STZ-induced diabetic rats, which, in view of the reported impaired sensorimotor function in these vessels, is likely to reflect a neuropathic change.
...
PMID:Selective damage to sensorimotor perivascular nerves in the mesenteric vessels of diabetic rats. 854 56

The distribution of nerve fibres containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) and the catecholamine enzyme marker dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in the trachea of sheep was investigated by immunohistochemical methods. A semi-quantitative assessment of the extent of the nerve fibres immunoreactive for the various antigens was also made. Moderate to large numbers of CGRP-like immunoreactive (CGRP-Li) nerve fibres were present in all parts of the trachea including the epithelial layer, lamina propria, smooth muscle, closer to the mucous glands and blood vessels, and in the elastic fibre connective tissue layer. Although SP-Li nerve fibres had a similar distribution to CGRP, they were absent from the epithelial layer and only small numbers of fibres were present in other areas. Moderate numbers of VIP-Li fibres were present in the smooth muscle and close to mucous glands and blood vessels. Moderate numbers of NPY-Li fibres were present in the smooth muscle with smaller numbers close to mucous glands and blood vessels. Large numbers of DBH-Li nerve fibres were present in the smooth muscle and they had a similar distribution to NPY. The presence of both NPY and DBH in most DBH-Li nerve fibres was established by a double-straining technique, but not all the DBH-Li fibres contained NPY. The DBH/NPY-Li nerve fibres in the smooth muscle formed an extensive and dense interconnecting network and were the most common types of nerve fibres observed.
...
PMID:Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P and dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve fibres in the trachea of sheep. 874 60

Double-label immunocytochemistry was used to investigate the co-localisation of neuropeptides and the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in autonomic ganglia of the human postnatal male pelvic plexus. Postmortem specimens were obtained from six male infants and children ranging in age from 2 to 12 months who had died as a result of cot death or accidental trauma. On average, ganglia lying adjacent to the neck of the urinary bladder contained 45% of neurons which were TH-immunoreactive (-IR) while ganglia situated adjacent to the posterior and lateral aspects of the prostate gland contained 67% of neurons which were TH-IR. All the TH-IR neurons also contained dopamine beta-hydroxylase and were considered to be noradrenergic in type. On average, 61% of TH-IR neurons in bladder ganglia contained NOS, compared with 77% of non-TH-IR neurons (based on counts of over 1,000 cells in each case), while the percentages of TH- and non-TH-IR neurons containing neuropeptides were: calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (30%; 11%), neuropeptide Y (NPY) (66%; 92%), somatostatin (SOM) (70%; 29%), substance P (SP) (64%; 46%), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (64%; 83%). The equivalent values for TH- and non-TH-IR neurons in prostatic ganglia were NOS (38%; 59%), CGRP (55%; 18%), NPY (62%, 65%), SOM (14%, 20%), SP (13%, 8%) and VIP (42%; 82%). Varicose nerve fibers within the ganglia were seen forming pericellular arborizations around many of the ganglion cells, the most numerous containing TH-, CGRP-, NPY-, SOM- or VIP-immunoreactivity. Less common were pericellular varicosities containing SP-immunoreactivity while terminals containing NOS were not observed. No correlation could be detected between the peptide contents of the ganglion cells and of the associated pericellular terminals. However, the peptide content of the ganglion cells found in association with the urinary bladder and prostate gland correlates well with the previously documented coexistence of enzymes and neuropeptides in the intrinsic nerve fibers supplying these two regions of the human postnatal male genitourinary system.
...
PMID:Co-localisation of tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides in neurons of the human postnatal male pelvic ganglia. 881 64

The human facial nucleus can be sub-divided into five structurally discrete regions. Immunohistochemistry was used to locate various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the neurons and nerve fibres of the human facial nucleus at 14 and 27 weeks of gestation and in the neonate. Whilst choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons were observed in the facial nucleus at all stages of development, dopamine beta-hydroxylase-positive neurons were only found in the neonate. In addition, afferent nerve fibres positive for choline acetyl-transferase, enkephalin and substance P were observed at all stages of development. In the younger specimens these fibres were evenly distributed; however, in the neonates the fibres were asymmetrically distributed as the different types became concentrated in the various structurally distinct regions of the facial nucleus.
...
PMID:Neurotransmitters and peptides in the developing human facial nucleus. 884 84

In the parotid gland, double immunostaining showed the perivascular and most of the periductal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibres to contain dopamine beta-hydroxylase, while the majority of periacinar NPY-fibres contained vasoactive intestinal peptide. Sympathectomy caused a marked depletion of perivascular and periductal NPY-fibres, leaving periacinar NPY-fibres less affected. Following combined sympathectomy and parasympathectomy, only a few NPY-fibres persisted. The parasympathetic auriculotemporal nerve contributed most (75%) and the cervical sympathetic nerve least (15%) to the parotid gland content of NPY as judged by radioimmunoassay. The sensory neurotoxin capsaicin was without effect on the occurrence and gland content of NPY. Upon long-lasting electrical stimulation of the auriculo-temporal nerve at a high frequency, the gland content of NPY was reduced (by 55%), a depletion thought to indicate release of the peptide from parasympathetic nerve terminals. In vitro, tissues of parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands released concentration-dependently protein (and as to the parotid gland amylase also) in response to NPY; the protein response was largest from sublingual tissue (per unit weight). A concentration-dependent in vitro release of potassium from tissues of parotid and submandibular glands in response to NPY occurred and here, submandibular gland tissue was the most sensitive. Comparisons between the action of some secretagogues (at 10(-6) M) showed NPY to be less effective than vasoactive intestinal peptide and adrenaline, but as effective as bethanechol and substance P, in releasing protein (and amylase) in parotid and submandibular gland tissues; in sublingual gland tissue NPY was less effective than vasoactive intestinal peptide, in the range of adrenaline and more effective than bethanechol and substance P. As to potassium release (at agonist concentration of 10(-6) M) from tissues of parotid and submandibular glands NPY was less effective than substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide. The fluid response to NPY upon i.v. administration was scanty from parotid and submandibular glands. NPY is likely to play a complementary role in mediating parasympathetic secretory responses in salivary glands of the rat. It seems preferentially involved in the control of protein secretion.
...
PMID:Neuropeptide Y in salivary glands of the rat: origin, release and secretory effects. 885 15

Neurochemical coding of nerve fibres supplying the porcine oviduct was studied by means of double-labelling immunofluorescence. Immunoreactivities to rate-limiting enzymes of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), were found in numerous oviductal nerve fibres. All TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) nerve processes were simultaneously DbetaH-IR. This subset of nerves was considered to be sympathetic noradrenergic. In addition to noradrenaline, many axons additionally exhibited immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY), or leu5-enkephalin (Leu-ENK). Small numbers of somatostatin- (SOM-) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) fibres, sometimes coexpressing TH/DbetaH-immunoreactivity, supplied the porcine oviduct. Substance P- (SP- ) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) nerve fibres were only sporadically found. Although these nerves did not contain TH/DbetaH-immunoreactivity, they often ran in close vicinity to TH/DbetaH-IR axons, forming together thin nerve bundles. All the above mentioned subpopulations of nerve fibres were found throughout the entire length of the oviduct being mainly related to the vascular and non-vascular smooth myocytes. However, some of the putative afferent (i.e. SP- or CGRP-IR) or parasympathetic efferent (i.e. VIP- or NPY-IR but TH/DbetaH-immunonegative) axons were located beneath the epithelium. Such distribution implies these nerve fibres to be involved in the regulation of the oviductal blood flow, non-vascular smooth myocyte tonus, transmission of sensory information and control of the epithelial secretion.
...
PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the porcine oviduct studied by double-labelling immunohistochemistry. 896 59

The localization of peptidergic, catecholaminergic, and nitroxidergic nerve fibers in the ventral leptomeningeal connective tissue compartment was studied in whole-mount preparations and serial semithin and ultrathin sections. For immunocytochemistry, whole-mount preparations of the leptomeninges and ventral brain slices with the meninges were incubated as free-floating specimens with primary antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Based on the regional differences of the connective tissue organization, the leptomeninx is subdivided into the pial, trabecular, and adventitial leptomeninx. The antibody PGP 9.5 stains all unmyelinated nerve fibers in the leptomeninx. Although the highest density of nerve fibers occurs in the adventitial leptomeninx, nerve fibers, and terminals are additionally present in the trabecular and pial leptomeninx. DbetaH-, NPY-, VIP- and NOS-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers occur exclusively in the adventitial leptomeninx forming neuromuscular junctions. CGRP- and SP-IR nerve fibers are localized in all three leptomeningeal compartments where they terminate close to the subarachnoid space (type 1) or within the connective tissue (type 2). Due to their morphological and immunocytochemical characterization a possible chemo-, mechano- or nociceptive function is discussed in the context of pathophysiological aspects.
...
PMID:Topography and immunocytochemical characterization of nerve fibers in the leptomeningeal compartments of the rat. A light- and electron-microscopical study. 901 85

Patterns of co-localization of immunoreactivity for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (the synthetic enzyme for noradrenaline) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (the synthetic enzyme for GABA) or each one of six neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, substance P, met-enkephalin, galanin, dynorphin A and somatostatin) were investigated with dual-colour confocal laser scanning microscopy in axons of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal segments of six adult rats. Four regions of the grey matter were studied (laminae I-II, V, IX and X) and, in thoracic segments, the intermediolateral cell column was also examined. The extent of co-localization was estimated by direct assessment of merged pairs of optical sections and by automated image analysis. Significant co-localization was found for neuropeptide Y in axons of the intermediolateral cell column of thoracic segments and in lamina X of cervical and thoracic segments. None of the other peptides or glutamic acid decarboxylase were found to coexist at significant levels with dopamine beta-hydroxylase and hence it is likely that this group of neuropeptides and GABA are not co-transmitters of bulbospinal noradrenergic axons in the rat.
...
PMID:Absence of co-localized glutamic acid decarboxylase and neuropeptides in noradrenergic axons of the rat spinal cord. 907 Jun 45

Spinal cord injury disrupts control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons because bulbospinal input has been lost and the remaining regulation is accomplished by spinal circuits consisting of dorsal root afferent and spinal neurons. Moreover, an initial retraction and regrowth of dendrites of preganglionic neurons in response to deafferentation creates the potential for remodelling of spinal circuits that control them. Although catecholamines and neuropeptide Y are found in descending inputs to the preganglionic neurons, their presence in spinal circuits has not been established. Spinal circuits controlling preganglionic neurons contain substance P but participation of these peptidergic neurons in remodelling responses has not been examined. Therefore, we compared immunoreactivity for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, for neuropeptide Y and for substance P in the intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord in control rats and in rats seven or fourteen days after transection at the fourth thoracic cord segment. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labelled by intraperitoneal injection of the tracer FluoroGold. These experiments yielded three original findings. 1) At one and two weeks after cord transection, fibres and terminals immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were consistently found in the intermediolateral cell column in segments caudal to the transection. The area of fibres and terminals containing these immunoreactivities was markedly reduced compared to control rats or to segments rostral to the transection in the spinal rats. 2) Immunoreactivity for substance P was increased after cord transection and the distribution of fibres immunoreactive for this peptide in segments caudal to the transection extended more widely through the intermediate gray matter. These reactions demonstrated a plastic reaction to cord transection by spinal neurons expressing substance P. 3) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase expression was up-regulated in somata within the intermediate gray matter of spinal segments caudal to the transection. The numbers of somata immunoreactive for this enzyme increased six-fold by 14 days after cord transection, compared to the few somata counted in control rats. In conclusion, the presence of a catecholamine synthesizing enzyme and neuropeptides in fibres surrounding sympathetic preganglionic neurons caudal to a cord transection suggests a source of catecholamines and these peptides within spinal circuits in the chronic spinal rat. The presence of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a markedly greater number of neuronal somata after cord transection reflects significant up-regulation of gene expression and may indicate a switch by these neurons to an adrenergic phenotype, revealing a plastic response to injury within the spinal cord.
...
PMID:Catecholamine enzymes and neuropeptides are expressed in fibres and somata in the intermediate gray matter in chronic spinal rats. 915 61

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) can be divided into distinct subfields, delineated on the basis of histochemical markers as well as by afferent and efferent projection patterns. The shell subregion has reciprocal relationships with a variety of limbic areas and brainstem autonomic structures, and has been suggested to participate in motivation-related processes, including reward, stress, and arousal. The locus coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system has similarly been implicated in the modulation of behavioral state and stress-related processes, and previous studies have demonstrated reciprocal projections between the locus coeruleus and Acb shell. To better understand the anatomical substrate through which LC could influence activity within Acb shell, immunohistochemical methods were used to visualize the extent and the distribution of noradrenergic axons within this structure. Coronal sections of rat brain were processed to visualize immunoreactivity for the norepinephrine synthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker for noradrenergic processes. In some cases, alternate sections were processed for immunohistochemical localization of substance P, in order to delineate core, shell, and pallidal compartments. Moderate-to-dense DBH-like immunoreactivity (DBHir) was found in approximately the caudal half of the shell subregion, particularly in caudalmost (septal pole) and ventral zones. The innervation of the septal pole was contiguous with a dense innervation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Few immunoreactive fibers were observed in the caudate-putamen, Acb core, or rostral Acb shell. Many DBHir fibers within the shell region were highly arborized with numerous varicosities, features indicative of terminal fields. These observations suggest noradrenergic systems might modulate certain processes associated with stress, behavioral state, or reinforcement via actions within the Acb shell.
...
PMID:Distribution of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactive fibers within the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens. 932 58

<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>