Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The localization and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine methionine (PHM), the novel peptide helospectin, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and its C-flanking peptide (C-PON), substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were studied in the middle and inferior turbinate of the human nose using sensitive immunocytochemical and radioimmunological methods. For light microscopy, double immunofluorescence and immunogold-silver staining methods were applied. Ultrastructural immunoelectronmicroscopy was performed using a pre-embedding method. In addition, semithin Epon resin sections were immunostained. The concentrations of VIP, NPY, CGRP, substance P and neurokinin A were measured using radioimmunological methods. A dense network of autonomic and peptidergic nerve fibers in the normal human nasal mucosa was demonstrated. Colocalization studies showed the coexistence of peptides with components of the autonomic nervous system. Scattered chromogranin A-, CGRP and bombesin-flanking peptide (BFP)-immunoreactive endocrine-like cells were detected within the lamina propria and in groups within exocrine ducts. Highest radioimmunoassay (RIA) tissue concentrations were detected for VIP, followed by NPY, substance P, CGRP and neurokinin A.
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PMID:Autonomic and peptidergic innervation of human nasal mucosa. 810 Jan 9

A number of marker substances for neuronal and neuroendocrine cells have been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the interstitial Leydig cells of human testes using basic immunocytochemical methods and some of their modifications. We were able to reveal immunoreactivity for enzymes involved in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline (tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase), for the indolamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), as well as for a number of well-known neuronal markers such as the neurofilament protein 200, synaptophysin, chromogranin A + B, the neural cell-adhesion molecule (N-CAM), the microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2), and the calcium-binding proteins: S-100, calbindin and parvalbumin. Immunoreactivity for these substances was found in the majority of the interstitial cells although differences in the staining intensity among the individual Leydig cells and among Leydig cells from different patients were observed. At the electron-microscopic level the Leydig cell cytoplasm was seen to contain microtubules, intermediate- and microfilaments as well as clear (40-60 nm) and dense-core (100-300 nm) vesicles, providing a morphological correlate for some of the immunocytochemical results. Although individual marker substances are not absolutely specific for nerve and neuroendocrine cells, the results obtained, together with the already established neuron-specific enolase-, substance P-, methionine-enkephalin- and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide-like immunoreactivity, provide strong evidence for the neuroendocrine (paraneuronal, APUD-like) nature of the Leydig cells of the human testis.
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PMID:The Leydig cell of the human testis--a new member of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. 847 1

Due to the increased costs of medical care, a cost-benefit analysis is needed when trying for the 'ultimate' biochemical diagnosis of gastro-enteropancreatic (GEP) tumours. The glycoprotein chromogranin family has proved useful in screening for neuroendocrine tumours. In patients with midgut carcinoid tumours, chromogranin A is more sensitive than urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid but by combining these two biochemical markers most GEP tumours can be diagnosed. Chromogranin A is also a prognostic marker for survival in patients with midgut carcinoid tumours. Pancreastatin constitutes a part of the chromogranin A molecule and is a less sensitive general screening marker for neuroendocrine gut and pancreatic tumours, but levels, in combination with chromogranin A, might give some insight into tumour biology. Specific markers such as gastrin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, insulin, neuropeptide K and substance P should be used to further characterise hormone production in neuroendocrine tumours. However, in some patients, confirmation of diagnosis requires provocation tests, such as the secretin or meal provocation tests. Staging information can be obtained by new investigations such as intra-operative or endoscopic ultrasound, octreoscan, and positron emission tomography. We combine the biochemical characterisation of neuroendocrine tumours with studies of growth factors/receptors, adhesion molecules, proliferation markers, somatostatin receptor content, induction of the enzymes p68 kinase and 2'5'-A-synthetase, and apoptosis, to establish a sound rationale for therapeutic decisions, enabling every patient to receive individualised treatment.
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PMID:The ultimate biochemical diagnosis of gastro-enteropancreatic tumours. 881 68

Two cases of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma were studied by means of immunocytochemical methods using 41 kinds of antibodies. The tumors consisted of three histological types; carcinoid, ganglioneuroma and paraganglioma. Tumors of both cases exhibited immunoreactivity to at least one or as many as three of the following: calcitonin, calcitonin-gene related peptide, endocrine granule constituent, Leu7, neuropeptide Y and basic fibroblast growth factor. In addition, these tumors were also immunopositive for neuron specific enolase, S-100 protein, neurofilament protein, pancreatic polypeptide, chromogranin A, somatostatin, leuenkephalin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide, as has been described in previous reports. In one case, tumor cells were immunopositive for adrenocorticotropin, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide, myelin basic protein, neuroendocrine marker and tyrosine hydroxylase. Moreover, paraganglioma cells of tumors showed both argyrophilia and argentaffinity. These results suggest that duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma may originate from embryonic neuroinsular complex.
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PMID:Two cases of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma: immunocytochemical characteristics. 882 94

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an APUDoma (APUD refers to amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) arising from the parafollicular cells. Diarrhoea has been reported in some 30% of patients, variously attributed to excess production of calcitonin (CT), serotonin (5-HT), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or other factors. The regulatory factors in MTC were examined employing immunocytochemistry and RIA to tumours and their extracts. The patients were followed up for more than 15 years. CT and calcitonin gene-related peptide were universally expressed in all the tumours. The neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A (and its fragments pancreastatin and WE-14), neurone-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5 and carcino-embryonic antigen were found in the majority of MTCs and might be useful as immunocytochemical markers. 5-HT, substance P, neurokinin A, glucagon and VIP could not be detected, excluding them as candidates in the diarrhoea of MTC.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides and other neuroendocrine markers in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. 907 85

Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from controls and neuroleptic-naive patients with their first acute schizophrenic episode. The CSF was analyzed for several biogenic amines and their metabolites [dopamine,dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA)]. For these transmitters, which are stored and secreted from synaptic vesicles, there was no significant difference between controls and schizophrenic patients. As constituents of large dense-core vesicles substance P (SP) and GE-25 (derived from chromogranin A)-and secretoneurin (derived from secretogranin 11)-immunoreactivities were determined. SP-like immunoreactivity levels did not differ between controls and patients; however, GE-25 was elevated and especially the GE-25/secretoneurin ratio was significantly (p < .001) higher in patients. Characterization of the immunoreactivities by high-performance liquid chromatography did not reveal any difference between patients (n = 3) and controls in the processing of the two proproteins chromogranin A and secretogranin II. These data indicate that proteolytic processing of the two widespread constituents of large dense-core vesicles, i.e., chromogranin A and secretogranin II, is not altered in schizophrenic patients. The increase in the chromogranin A /secretoneurin ratio in schizophrenic patients deserves further investigation in order to elucidate its possible pathogenetic significance.
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PMID:CSF of neuroleptic-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients: levels of biogenic amines, substance P, and peptides derived from chromogranin A (GE-25) and secretogranin II (secretoneurin). 916 2

The parathyroid glands of the adult rat harbor a number of neuroendocrine markers, biologically active peptides and "classical" neuromessengers in addition to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Their appearance during parathyroid development is, however, not known. In the present study we have examined several neuroendocrine markers and neuromessengers in the parathyroid glands of the developing rat [embryonic stage 21(E21), newborn, 1, 2, 3, 4 week old, and adult rats] using immunocytochemistry. Chromogranin A- and PTH-mRNA were also examined by in situ hybridization and the mRNA levels were quantitated by computerized image analysis. Protein gene product 9.5- and synaptophysin-containing nerve fibers appeared already before birth and then gradually increased in number postnatally, and at the age of 4 weeks the nerve fibers were moderate in number to numerous. Nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide also increased gradually in number, while galanin-, substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing fibers remained few throughout development. The glandular cells expressed chromogranin A, pancreastatin and PTH already before birth. The levels of chromogranin A- and PTH-mRNA were low at E21 and increased markedly at birth; chromogranin A mRNA levels had increased even more at 1 week postnatally. Three to 4 weeks after birth the levels of PTH- and chromogranin A mRNA again increased, then stabilized at a slightly lower level in the adult rat. Our findings demonstrate that the parathyroid glands of rat are already innervated and express PTH and chromogranin A before birth and that the density of peptide-containing nerve fibers changes during development. The stepwise increases of PTH- and chromogranin A mRNAs during development indicate marked changes in parathyroid activity occurring at birth and at weaning.
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PMID:Developmental expression of neuronal and endocrine markers in the parathyroid glands of the rat. 919 26

Neuroendocrine components exist in the human nasal mucosa. However, the pathophysiological and neuroimmunological roles of the regulatory peptides in allergic rhinitis (AR) require further investigation. To analyse the functional morphology and quantify the tissue concentration of regulatory peptides in the nasal mucosa of AR subjects, human inferior turbinate mucosa specimens from 25 patients with AR, 20 patients with non-allergic rhinitis and 10 patients without any nasal diseases were investigated. Using immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassays, we detected the presence, distribution and concentrations of various neuropeptides [vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] and general neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin A). Quantitative analysis of the stained fibres and cells was performed using a graphic AutoCAD program. The presence and distribution of NPY, CGRP and SP nerve fibres and neuroendocrine cells were similar among the three subject groups. AR subjects had significantly higher tissue concentrations of VIP and SP. AR subjects had increased numbers of VIP fibres which predominantly innervated vessels. Thus, VIP and SP play important neuroimmunological roles in the pathogenesis of AR.
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PMID:Distribution and quantity of neuroendocrine markers in allergic rhinitis. 965 16

In the chicken, glomus cells are widely distributed not only in the carotid body but also in the wall of the common carotid artery and around each artery arising from the common carotid artery. Effects of chronic isocapnic hypoxia on the chicken carotid body and the glomus cells in and around the arteries were examined by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. In chickens exposed to isocapnic hypoxia for 35 days, three- to four-fold increase of the carotid body volume was induced. Immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase of glomus cells almost completely disappeared. Dense networks of TuJ1-immunoreactive nerve fibers were unchanged, whereas peptidergic nerve fibers, i.e., substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, vasoactive intestinal peptide-, galanin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers, were decreased in and around the carotid body. At the electron microscopic level, increased secretory activity of the glomus cells was verified. Mature dense-cored vesicles were markedly decreased, although prosecretory granules were numerous around Golgi complexes. Many immature glomus cells filled with rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, also appeared in the carotid bodies of hypoxic chickens. In contrast to the carotid body, the glomus cells located in the wall of the common carotid artery revealed no changes after long-term hypoxia. The cells in the hypoxic chickens, as well as normal controls, expressed intense immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y, serotonin and chromogranin A. Furthermore, a large number of dense-cored vesicles were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The glomus cells around each artery arising from the common carotid artery were affected by hypoxia, although the degree of their response to hypoxia varied depending on the locations.
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PMID:Different effects of prolonged isocapnic hypoxia on the carotid body and the glomus cells in the wall of the common carotid artery of the chicken. 973 64

Neuroendocrine gut and pancreatic tumors are known to contain and secret different peptide hormones and amines. During the last two decades, many radioimmunoassays and Elizas have been developed to analyze these substances in blood and urine, which has enabled clinicians to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with various neuroendocrine tumors. Due to cost constraints in medical care, it is important to try to define the most useful biochemical markers from the clinical point of view. The glycoprotein chromogranin A has been shown to be a useful marker for diagnosing various neuroendocrine tumors, both by histopathology and circulating tumor markers. In patients with demonstrable endocrine tumors, about 90 percent of the patients present high circulating levels of chromogranin A. A hundred-fold increase of plasma chromogranin is seen in patients with midgut carcinoid tumors and liver metastases. The plasma levels of chromogranin A reflect the tumor mass and can be used for monitoring the patient during treatment and follow-up, although the day-to-day variation might be 30-40 percent. High circulating levels of the chromogranin A might be an indicator of bad prognosis in patients with malignant carcinoid tumors. Besides analyzing plasma chromogranin A, specific analyses such as urinary 5-HIAA in midgut carcinoid patients, serum gastrin in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and insulin/proinsulin in patients with hypoglycemia should be performed. In patients with small tumor masses or intermittent symptoms, provocative tests such as a meal stimulation test, secretin test or pentagastrin stimulation of tachykinin release can supplement the basal measurements of peptides and amines. To fully evaluate the growth potential in neuroendocrine tumors, traditional biochemical markers should be supplemented with indicators of growth proliferation (Ki-67, PCNA) and immunohistochemical staining for the adhesion molecule CD44 and the PDGF-alpha receptor. Finally, analysis of somatostatin receptor subtypes and induction of the enzymes 2-5A syntethase and PKR are of clinical value.
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PMID:Biochemical diagnosis of neuroendocrine GEP tumor. 982 77


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