Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Motor neurons that innervate the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum were identified by retrograde transport from the longitudinal muscle plexus in organotypic culture. Motor neurons had short projections, less than 3.5 mm long, and never had Dogiel type II morphology; most labeled neurons had morphological characteristics of Dogiel type I neurons. Immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase was present in 97% of retrogradely labeled nerve cell bodies, reflecting the dominant cholinergic input to the longitudinal muscle layer. Substance P immunoreactivity was present in 48% of motor neurons, indicating that it or a similar tachykinin that mediates noncholinergic excitatory transmission is likely to be released by a subset of cholinergic motor neurons. This strongly suggests that the difference in frequency dependence of substance P and acetylcholine release is attributable to different release mechanisms rather than to activation of separate populations of motor neurons. Immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein calretinin was present in 87% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons. The neurochemical coding of longitudinal muscle motor neurons indicated that they constitute about one quarter of all myenteric neurons and are distinct from circular muscle motor neurons.
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PMID:Identification of motor neurons to the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. 137 56

Most theories of basal ganglia functions have been based on a model circuit in which the flow of information follows a one-way loop proceeding from the cerebral cortex to the striatum, the pallidum/nigra, the thalamus, and then returns to the cortex. However, this model neglects data from several studies that show a direct feedback projection from the pallidum to the striatum. In this study, we have examined this feedback connection in the ventral striopallidal system to determine the morphology and chemical properties of ventral pallido-striatal projection neurons and to determine the morphology of ventral pallidal efferents in the ventral striatum. Fluoro Gold was injected into the ventral striatum to retrogradely label ventral pallidal projection neurons. Substance P immunoreactivity was used as a pallidal marker to delineate the ventral pallidum. The results show that most neurons retrogradely labeled by Fluoro Gold lie in the ventral pallidum. Additional double-labeling experiments show that none of these Fluoro Gold-labeled cells are cholinergic neurons; however, some are immunoreactive for parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein found in many pallidal neurons. Electron microscopy revealed that the somata and dendrites of these labeled ventral pallidal projection neurons form many synapses with unlabeled terminals. Injection of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into the ventral pallidum anterogradely labeled many fibers in the ventral striatum. Electron microscopy revealed that these labeled axons form both symmetric and asymmetric synapses with ventral striatal neurons. We have thus confirmed that there is a significant direct projection from the ventral pallidum to the ventral striatum. Whether this projection forms a part of either monosynaptic or polysynaptic feedback loops remains to be clarified. Nevertheless, this pallidostriatal projection must be integrated into the theories on basal ganglia functions.
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PMID:Ventral pallido-striatal pathway in the rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study. 138 May 22

Patterns of immunoreactivity for calcium-binding protein, tyrosine hydroxylase and four neuropeptides in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen) were compared to patterns of these markers in the dorsal striatum (the majority of the neostriatum) in rhesus monkey. The striatal mosaic was delineated by calcium-binding protein and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities. Both markers were found preferentially in the matrix of the dorsal striatum. The mosaic configurations of tyrosine hydroxylase, but not calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity, were similar in dorsal and ventral striatal regions. Substance P and leucine-enkephalin were not distributed homogeneously; distinct types and the prevalence of patches of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity distinguish the dorsal striatum from the ventral striatum and distinguish the caudate nucleus from the putamen. In the dorsal striatum, substance P and leucine-enkephalin patches consist of dense islands of immunoreactive neurons and puncta or clusters of immunoreactive neurons marginated by a dense rim of terminal-like puncta; the matrix was also enriched in leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons but contained less substance P-immunoreactive neurons. Patches were more prominent in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen. In the caudate, compartments low in tyrosine hydroxylase and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivities corresponded to cytologically identified cell islands and to patches enriched in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. These patches had a discrete infrastructure based on the location of substance P and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and terminals. In the ventral striatum, patches that showed low levels of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivities were embedded in a matrix rich in immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers and terminals. In the accumbens, regions showing little tyrosine hydroxylase were in spatial register with patches low in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. Neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons or processes were also compartmentally organized, particularly in the ventral striatum. Neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were present predominantly in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Some regions enriched in neurotensin immunoreactivity were spatially registered with zones low in tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P and zones enriched in leucine-enkephalin. Areas enriched in somatostatin-immunoreactive processes overlapped with both tyrosine hydroxylase-rich and -poor regions in the ventral striatum. Our results show that the chemoarchitectonic topography of the striatal mosaic is different in the dorsal and ventral striatum of rhesus monkey and that the compartmental organization of some neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in the ventral striatum is variable and not as easily divisible into conventional patch and matrix regions as in the dorsal striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The striatal mosaic in primates: patterns of neuropeptide immunoreactivity differentiate the ventral striatum from the dorsal striatum. 168 64

Immunoreactivity for calretinin, a calcium-binding protein, was studied in neurones in the guinea-pig small intestine. 26 +/- 1% of myenteric neurones and 12 +/- 3% of submucous neurones were immunoreactive for calretinin. All calretinin-immunoreactive neurones were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and hence are likely to be cholinergic. In the myenteric plexus, two subtypes of Dogiel type-I calretinin-immunoreactive neurones could be distinguished from their projections and neurochemical coding. Some calretinin-immunoreactive myenteric neurones had short projections to the tertiary plexus, and hence are likely to be cholinergic motor neurones to the longitudinal muscle. Some of these cells were also immunoreactive for substance P. The remaining myenteric neurones, immunoreactive for calretinin, enkephalin, neurofilament protein triplet and substance P, are likely to be orad-projecting, cholinergic interneurones. Calretinin immunoreactivity was also found in cholinergic neurones in the submucosa, which project to the submucosal vasculature and mucosal glands, and which are likely to mediate vasodilation. Thus, calretinin immunoreactivity in the guinea-pig small intestine is confined to three functional classes of cholinergic neurones. It is possible, for the first time, to distinguish these classes of cells from other enteric neurones.
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PMID:Calretinin immunoreactivity in cholinergic motor neurones, interneurones and vasomotor neurones in the guinea-pig small intestine. 171 38

In the caudate-putamen of the rat a patch/matrix organization can be recognized on the basis of the immunohistochemical distribution of several markers, which include enkephalin, substance P, dopamine, and calcium-binding protein. In the present experiments the distributional relations of these markers were investigated in the nucleus accumbens. The distribution of enkephalin fibers shows different inhomogeneities according to their location in the nucleus. Rostrally, heavily labeled areas stand out against a moderately stained background, whereas caudally, in medial and ventral parts of the nucleus, lightly stained areas delineate regions in the moderately stained neuropil. In the distribution of substance P, areas with high staining intensity were observed in the medial and ventral parts of the nucleus accumbens. Inhomogeneities in the distribution of strong dopamine immunoreactivity consist of weakly immunoreactive areas throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus accumbens and extremely heavily labeled areas in the medial and ventral parts of the nucleus. Calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity can only be detected in dorsal parts of the nucleus. The generally intense immunostaining for calcium-binding protein is interspersed with "blanks" of weak immunoreactivity. The heavily and moderately labeled enkephalin areas each maintain specific relations with inhomogeneities in the distribution of substance P, dopamine, and calcium-binding protein. Rostrally, the heavily labeled enkephalin areas coincide with areas strongly immunostained for calcium-binding protein and with lightly stained areas in the dopamine and substance P immunoreactivity patterns. In the same region lightly stained areas in the enkephalin distribution match heavily labeled substance P areas. Caudally, in the border region of the nucleus accumbens and the caudate-putamen, the heavily labeled enkephalin areas are either related to "blanks" or to the intense staining regions in the calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity distribution. The moderately labeled enkephalin areas caudomedially in the nucleus accumbens are in register with the heavily labeled regions in the distribution of substance P and with the extremely heavily labeled regions in the distribution of dopamine. Relations with connectivity are discussed and the inhomogeneities are compared to those in the caudate-putamen. It is concluded that in the ventral striatum either one patch and one matrix compartment exist with different immunohistochemical relationships or there are several compartments with different immunohistochemical characteristics and different input-output relations.
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PMID:Compartmental organization of the ventral striatum of the rat: immunohistochemical distribution of enkephalin, substance P, dopamine, and calcium-binding protein. 247 98

The nucleus accumbens in the rat has been parcelled into shell and core subdivisions. Despite accumulating evidence for such a division of the nucleus accumbens, these territories have not been delineated throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. In the present study, an attempt has been made to delineate the shell and core using the distribution of calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity, substance P immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity in transverse and horizontal sections through the nucleus accumbens. It was found that the pattern of calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity provides the most unequivocal criterion to divide the nucleus accumbens into a ventral and medial, peripheral shell displaying low to moderate immunostaining, and a more laterally and dorsally located, strongly stained inner core. In most parts of the nucleus, borders seen in the calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity pattern can also be recognized in the distributions of substance P immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity. It is concluded that the shell occupies most of the rostral part of the nucleus accumbens, whereas rostrally the core is represented only in the most lateral part. Differences in staining intensities for all three markers indicate that both the shell and core have a heterogeneous structure. Patterns of connectivity appear to support the division of the nucleus accumbens as indicated by calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity in the present study.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical characterization of the shell and core territories of the nucleus accumbens in the rat. 752 40

The adult normal human spiral ganglion (SG) was analyzed with regard to ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry. The cytoskeleton of the SG cells was found to comprise F-actin, intermediate filaments (IFs) and microtubules (MTs). The IF subgroups (cytokeratins, Cks; neurofilaments, NFs, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic proteins, GFAP; desmin) displayed characteristic staining patterns. Ck No. 8 was found in all SG cells, whereas vimentin was lacking. GFAP stained only a small subpopulation of SG cells (type 2?). The light (68 kD) and medium-sized chains of NFs occurred in all SG cells and axons, whereas the 200-kD NF subunit was only found in the axonal hillock of (type 2?) SG cells, but in no other part of the cytoplasm, and regionally in nerve fibres. MAP-1 and MAP-2 occurred in all SG cells but only MAP-1 was found in the nerve fibres. The calcium-binding protein synaptophysin (SY) was expressed only in SG cells, in contrast to the S-100 which occurred more generally in the labyrinth. The neuropeptides VIP and substance P were identified in all SG cells, in contrast to NPY which was expressed in a small subpopulation of SG cell (type 2?). Staining for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) identified most (type 1?) but not all SG cells. The cell surface glycoprotein Thy-1 was expressed in SG cells in a way similar to that described for neurons in the CNS. The SG cells express a high degree of cytoskeletal complexity, allowing one to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 cells. The cell bodies and their adjacent nerve fibres show characteristic features of calcium-binding proteins, surface membrane glycoproteins, NSE and neuropeptides but the basic pattern is still similar to neurons in the CNS.
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PMID:The human spiral ganglion. 753 60

Double-labeling immunofluorescent histochemistry demonstrates that calretinin, a calcium-binding protein, coexists with calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and substance P in the fibers innervating the lamina propria of the rat intestinal villi. An acetylcholinesterase histochemical stain revealed that the majority of calretinin-containing cells in the myenteric ganglia were cholinergic and that about one half of the submucosal calretinin-containing cells colocalized with acetylcholinesterase. In situ hybridization studies confirmed the presence of calretinin mRNA in the dorsal root ganglia, and a ribonuclease protection assay verified the presence of calretinin message in the intestine. The coexistence of calretinin in calcitonin-gene-related-peptide-containing cells that also contained substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the dorsal root ganglia suggest that these ganglia are the source of the quadruple colocalization within the sensory fibers of the villi. Although the function of calretinin in these nerves is unknown, it is hypothesized that the coexistence of three potent vasodilatory peptides influences the uptake of metabolized food products within the vasculature of the villi.
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PMID:Quadruple colocalization of calretinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and substance P in fibers within the villi of the rat intestine. 754 20

Statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) cells were grown in primary culture and the appearance of different neuronal phenotypes was investigated. Analysis criteria were shape, size and staining for the immunocytochemical markers: neurofilament proteins (NF-200 kDa), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), calretinin, a calcium-binding protein and substance P, a neurotransmitter. Cultures were prepared from dissociated SAG cells of 13 gestation-day-old mouse embryos. Neurons were identified and counted after 7 days in vitro. At this stage, neurons were organized in small clusters forming an extensive network of neurites grown on a layer of fibroblasts and glia. Most neurons identified by NF or NSE immunoreactivity showed a typical adult-like bipolar profile. The diameters of the neurons were between 5.62 and 17.00 microns and displayed a normal distribution (mean: 10.6 microns). Two distinct subpopulations were identified by the expression of calretinin and substance P. Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons were large and very rare and had a mean diameter of 11.3 microns; the distribution of substance P was more extensive than that of calretinin and identified a population of small neurons with a mean diameter of 8.9 microns. The distributions of these two markers in SAG cultures were consistent with in vivo results. In conclusion, dissociated SAG cell cultures appear to be a suitable model for analyzing the development of the immunocytochemical and functional characteristics of the neurons of this inner ear ganglion.
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PMID:Characterization of different neuron populations in mouse statoacoustic ganglion cultures. 795 37

The neuroendocrine nature of a subset of Leydig cells has already been established. The present investigation deals with neuroendocrine characteristics of Leydig tumour cells. A number of neuroendocrine and neuronal markers were demonstrated in Leydig cell tumours of 7 men aged 25-41 years. The following substances were immunocytochemically tested in Leydig tumour cells: the monoamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the indoleamine serotonin, the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, the microtubule associated protein-2, neurofilament protein 200, synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase, substance P and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Compared to the normal interstitial cells beyond the tumours, all neoplastic cells showed a significantly weaker immunoreactivity for nerve cell markers as well as for testosterone and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is usually accumulated by nitric oxide (NO). This provides evidence for a certain dedifferentiation of Leydig tumour cells. However, these results suggest that tumourous development of Leydig cells does not include loss of neuronal phenotype. Moreover, on the assumption that 'neuronal' Leydig cells exist beside 'non-neuronal' ones in normal testicular tissue, we propose the hypothesis that 'neuronal' Leydig cells can transform to tumour cells.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine characteristics of human Leydig cell tumours. 859 7


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