Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mild footshock stress selectively activates ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons innervating the prefrontal cortex. The same stressor rapidly dissociates ventral tegmental substance P from its preprotachykinin-derived co-transmitter substance K, and preproenkephalin B-derived dynorphin B from preproenkephalin A-derived Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu and Leu-enkephalin. Mild footshock stress may provide a paradigm for studying both peptidergic modulation of brain dopaminergic neurons and the dynamic regulation of tachykinin and opioid peptide transcription, processing and utilization.
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PMID:Mild footshock stress dissociates substance P from substance K and dynorphin from Met- and Leu-enkephalin. 242 38

The immunocytochemical localization of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), galanin (GAL), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in specific subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) was determined by immunocytochemistry in rats with and without intraventricular colchicine injection. ANF-positive processes were present within the ovoid regions of the rostral subnucleus, the dorsal lateral subnuclei, and were densely concentrated along the medial aspects of the lateral subnuclei in the caudal half of the IPN. GAL-positive processes were concentrated within the lateral subnuclei, in a narrow band extending over the central and intermediate subnuclei, and within the central subnuclei. GAL-positive cell bodies were present in a narrow band ventral to the rostral subnucleus, and in the ventrolateral corners of the caudal IPN. CGRP-positive processes were primarily localized within the dorsal lateral subnuclei and dorsal aspects of the lateral subnuclei. The presence of ANF, GAL and CGRP peptides within the IPN in patterns similar to previously described localizations of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin and Leu-enkephalin provides a morphologic basis for modulation of complex physiological actions yet to be elucidated.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of atrial natriuretic factor, galanin and calcitonin gene-related peptide within the rat interpeduncular nucleus. 242 52

Nerve terminals of human cardiac muscle were studied using an electron microscope. Substance P-, Leu-enkephalin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like (VIP) immunoreactive nerves were demonstrated by use of the light microscope. In addition, VIP- and substance P-like immunoreactive nerves were localized ultrastructurally by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase-method. Muscle specimens were obtained from right auricula of patients undergoing open-heart surgery. In the nerve fibres and terminals, which were situated close to the blood vessels and cardiac muscle cells several vesicle populations were identified. On the morphological basis the terminals could be tentatively categorized as cholinergic, mixed cholinergic-peptidergic, adrenergic, sensory or baroreceptor type, peptidergic and degenerating nerve endings. Substance P-, Leu-enkephalin- and VIP-like immunoreactive nerves were localized between cardiac muscle cells. Nerve terminals, which showed substance P-immunoreaction were observed also close to blood vessels. In substance P- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve terminals the immunoprecipitation was localized in large dense-cored vesicles of about 120 nm in diameter. It is concluded that the intrinsic control of the human heart is most probably regulated by several transmitter candidates. The peptidergic nerves may exert their modulatory interactions in the nerve bundles where they are situated close to each other but a direct effect on the blood vessels and muscle cells cannot be excluded.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of human atrial myocardium: an electron microscopical and immunocytochemical study. 243 6

Neuroactive peptides, including the enkephalins (Met- and Leu-enkephalin; ME, LE) and substance P (SP) are known to be present in the mammalian carotid body, an arterial chemoreceptor organ sensitive to the O2, CO2 and pH levels in blood. The principal parenchymal (type I) cells of the organ, which receive sensory innervation from the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), have been shown to contain both ME and SP; SP is also present in CSN afferent fibers. In the present study, rabbits were exposed in a chamber to a physiological chemoreceptor stimulus (5% O2 in N2) for one hour, then anesthetized during surgical removal of both carotid bodies for later RIA measurement of ME and SP levels in the tissue; control animals were exposed to air in the chamber, but otherwise treated as the hypoxic animals. Both ME and SP levels were significantly reduced (approximately 40%) in the carotid bodies from hypoxic rabbits, compared to their normoxic controls. The results suggest that these neuroactive peptides are released from carotid body elements during physiological stimulation, and consequently may play a role in the transduction of chemosensory information between the type I cells and their apposed afferent terminals.
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PMID:Physiological chemoreceptor stimulation decreases enkephalin and substance P in the carotid body. 243 86

Several antisera specific to neuropeptides of vertebrates were applied to sections of the earthworm Eisenia fetida Sav. Some of them were able to reveal specific neurones of the supraoesophageal ganglion: h-GHRF, CRF, Leu- and Met-enkephalin, dynorphin, substance P, CCK-8, and CCK-8S. A map of different areas or nuclei was established in the brain, taking position of reactive cells into account. Four symmetrically paired nuclei and one mediodorsal nucleus were identified and plotted. There is generally no characteristic modification correlated with maturation of the worms. However, the reaction against anti-Leu-enkephalin differs significantly according to age of Eisenia in nucleus No. 1 and particularly in nuclei No. 2 where one cell group presents specific reactivity on and after puberty. Moreover, the successive application of two antisera to the same sections after elution showed no coexistence of substances in a single neurone. By comparison with these vertebrate peptide-like containing nerve cells, the assay to anti-5-HT showed only a few reactive aminergic neurones. An attempt of correlation of cellular types with reactive perikarya is started.
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PMID:[Establishment of a map of neurons in the brain of Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) containing substances immunologically specific to vertebrate peptides]. 243 10

No significant alterations in the levels of Met-enkephalin-, Leu-enkephalin-, cholecystokinin- and substance P-like immunoreactive materials were found in 10 areas of postmortem brains from patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) when compared to controls. These results are at difference with the marked decrease in the levels of enkephalin-, cholecystokinin- and substance P-like immunoreactive materials previously reported in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian patients. Since PSP and Parkinson's disease are both characterized by a severe dopamine nigrostriatal deficit, these results suggest that the decreased brain peptide concentrations found in Parkinson's disease do not simply result from a dopaminergic neuronal loss.
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PMID:Brain neuropeptides in progressive supranuclear palsy. 244 May 13

Intraventricular injection of morphine sulfate, 40 micrograms, released an enzyme from the spinal cord into the perfusate which degraded dynorphin A (1-8) and, to a lesser extent, dynorphin A (1-13) in urethane anesthetized rats. The enzyme did not degrade dynorphin A (1-17), Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, substance P and neurotensin. This dynorphin A (1-8) degrading enzyme was inhibited by aprotinin, thiorphan, and, to a lesser extent, by bacitracin but was not inhibited by bestatin. A kinetic study of the interaction between dynorphin A (1-8) and aprotinin with the enzyme indicated that it is competitive in nature. The pharmacological significance of the findings is still unknown.
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PMID:Release of a dynorphin A (1-8) degrading enzyme from the spinal cord by intraventricular morphine in the rat. 245 Nov 4

Partially purified nerve varicosities (PV) prepared from guinea pig ileal myenteric plexus were found to contain, by radioimmunoassay, gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP), substance P (SP), galanin, Leu-enkephalin (LE), Met-enkephalin (ME), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). SP was present in the highest concentration followed by, in descending order, ME, LE, VIP, GRP and galanin. On reverse-phase HPLC, SP-, LE- and ME-like immunoreactivity in the PV preparation eluted at retention times similar to their synthetic analogues, galanin-like immunoreactivity eluted at a retention time different from that of synthetic porcine galanin and VIP-like immunoreactivity eluted at the retention time of synthetic guinea pig VIP. GRP-like immunoreactivity, on reverse-phase HPLC, eluted at retention times close to that of synthetic porcine GRP-(1-27) and its major oxidized form. Evidence was obtained for the presence of an alpha-neurokinin-like immunoreactive entity and an unidentified SP-like immunoreactive entity in guinea pig myenteric plexus.
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PMID:Characterization of content and chromatographic forms of neuropeptides in purified nerve varicosities prepared from guinea pig myenteric plexus. 245 23

A double-labeling immunofluorescence technique was employed to investigate the co-localization of the functionally antagonistic neuropeptides, substance P and enkephalins, within intraspinal neurons of the rat. Anti-Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Enk-8) antiserum was used as a marker of the preproenkephalin A neuron system. The observations were focused on the lumbar spinal cord. Co-localization was most prominent within neurons in the substantia gelatinosa, in which more than 95% of substance P-like immunoreactivity neurons showed Enk-8-like immunoreactivity. These double-labeled cells corresponded to 45% of Enk-8-like immunoreactive neurons in the same area. This suggests that SP/Enk-8 interaction occurs at the axon terminals of the substantia gelatinosa neurons. In deeper layers of the dorsal horn (laminae III, IV), only 14% and 6% of SP-like immunoreactive and Enk-8-like immunoreactive neurons were double labeled, respectively. Co-localization was also observed in neurons located in the laminae I, V, VII and X, suggesting concomitant involvement of these peptides in a variety of spinal cord functions.
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PMID:Co-localization of substance P and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in the intraspinal neurons of the rat, with special reference to the neurons in the substantia gelatinosa. 245 30

The immunoreactivity of anti-neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and anti-Leu-7 on formalin-fixed sections of human fetal salivary gland epithelium was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. In addition, expression of some neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SRIF), and substance P in the human salivary gland epithelium during the gestational period was observed, whereas the other polypeptides examined, including glucagon, cholecystokinin (CCK), Leu-enkephalin, and calcitonin were absent. NSE and Leu-7 immunoreactivity in the fetal salivary gland epithelium was observed solitarily or in groups commonly restricted to the developing duct epithelium. Positive immunoreactivity was observed in 46 cases with NSE (73%) and 44 cases with Leu-7 (70%) in 63 fetal salivary glands examined. In contrast, the incidence of positive cases stained with neuropeptides was lower than those of NSE and Leu-7 immunoreactivity in the human fetal salivary gland epithelium. These findings indicate that certain neuropolypeptides, as well as VIP, SRIF, and substance P present in the human fetal salivary gland epithelium may play a significant role in the development of the gland.
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PMID:Expression of neuron-specific enolase, Leu-7, and neuropeptides in human fetal salivary gland epithelium. 247 26


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