Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of seven kinds of neuropeptide precursor mRNA-containing neurons was investigated in the rat main and accessory olfactory bulbs, where various peptides have previously been identified immunohistochemically, by means of in situ hybridization using [35S]cRNA probes. In the glomerular layer, numerous preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA-expressing neurons, moderate numbers of preprosomatostatin and preproenkephalin A neurons, and a small number of preprocholecystokinin neurons were detected. In the external plexiform layer, numerous medium sized preprocholecystokinin and preprocorticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, and a small number of beta-preprotachykinin A neurons were observed. In addition, small preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide and preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons were evenly distributed in the external plexiform layer. Medium to large sized beta-preprotachykinin A neurons formed a thin layer in the mitral cell layer. In the granule cell layer, in addition to numerous small preproenkephalin A neurons, moderate numbers of small beta-preprotachykinin A and preprocorticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, and a small number of preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons, were identified. Large sized preprosomatostatin neurons were located in the deep layer of the granule cell layer. The distribution patterns of these neurons, as a whole, confirmed previous studies based on immunohistochemistry, although peptide precursor mRNA-expressing neurons were far more numerous than those immunoreactive to the respective neuropeptides. Moreover, mRNA-expressing neurons were observed in areas where no immunoreactive neurons had been observed (e.g. preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide and preprosomatostatin neurons in the mitral cell layer of the assessory olfactory bulb). The distribution patterns were generally similar in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.
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PMID:Localization of neuropeptide precursor-synthesizing neurons in the rat olfactory bulb: a hybridization histochemical study. 227 Jan 38

Long-term blockade of brain opioid receptors by the opiate antagonist naltrexone increases methionine-enkephalin content in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (Tempel et al., 1984). To determine whether these changes in peptide levels reflect increased peptide synthesis, we examined preproenkephalin mRNA content in discrete brain regions of control (placebo-treated) and chronic naltrexone-treated animals by Northern analysis. Chronic naltrexone treatment (8 d) led to an approximately 12-fold increase in the striatal content of preproenkephalin mRNA relative to that of control animals. In contrast, no statistically significant change was observed in striatal mRNA for cyclophilin (1B15) or actin. Small increases in preproenkephalin mRNA content occurred in the hippocampus (+40%) and hypothalamus (+19%). No significant changes occurred in the frontal cortex. Increases in levels of the mRNA were seen as early as 24 hr after antagonist treatment. In contrast, changes in opioid receptor density required 3-4 d to reach half-maximal up-regulation after chronic antagonist treatment. Recent evidence has suggested that substance P is regulated by opioid peptides. To determine whether substance P synthesis is altered by chronic antagonist treatment, the mRNA corresponding to the precursor for substance P was examined using a probe for exon-7 of the preprotachykinin gene. Preprotachykinin mRNA content in the striatum was increased 6-fold after chronic antagonist treatment relative to that of control animals. Substance P content was increased 3-fold after chronic antagonist treatment. These data suggest that chronic blockade of brain opioid receptors leads to the increased synthesis of both enkephalin and substance P in the striatum and that these changes are relatively specific.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Chronic naltrexone treatment increases expression of preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin mRNA in discrete brain regions. 231 1

Partially purified nerve varicosities prepared from canine small intestinal myenteric, deep muscular and submucosal plexuses were found to contain, by radioimmunoassay, gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP), substance P, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neurokinin A, but did not contain detectable amounts of neurokinin B. In all three plexus preparations, VIP was present in the highest concentration. In contrast to other species, GRP and the enkephalins were found to be present in relatively high concentrations in the submucosal plexus and GRP was present in low concentrations in the deep muscular plexus. Equal concentrations of substance P and neurokinin A were found in the myenteric and deep muscular plexus preparations but greater concentrations of substance P relative to neurokinin A were found in the submucosal plexus preparations. On reverse phase HPLC, a major peak of immunoreactivity occurred at the retention times of standard preparations for all six neuropeptides measured. Significant heterogeneity was found for GRP- and VIP-like immunoreactivity, especially in the submucosal plexus preparations. These partially purified canine small intestine nerve varicosity preparations may prove of value in studying release mechanisms for, and the posttranslational processing of, neuropeptides.
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PMID:Canine myenteric, deep muscular, and submucosal plexus preparations of purified nerve varicosities: content and chromatographic forms of certain neuropeptides. 234 94

The occurrence and distribution of substance P (SP)-like, methionine-(Met)- and leucine-(Leu)-enkephalin-like, and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities were determined in the neuroendocrine complex of the eyestalk of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, by immunocytochemistry. SP-like immunoreactivity was found in the optic peduncle, sinus gland, medulla externa, medulla interna, lamina ganglionaris, and retinular cells. Met-enkephalin-like and Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was observed in most of the retinular cells, optic peduncle, sinus gland, medulla terminalis, and lamina ganglionaris. However, Met-enkephalin-like, but no Leu-enkephalin-like, immunoreactivity was seen in the medulla terminalis X-organ. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity could be seen in all parts of the eyestalk except in the sinus gland, lamina ganglionaris, and retinular cells. FMRF-amide-like activity was especially strong in the three chiasmatic regions connecting the optic ganglia. The possibility that these four peptides may function as neuroregulators in the fiddler crab is discussed.
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PMID:Localization of substance P-like, leucine-enkephalin-like, methionine-enkephalin-like, and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the eyestalk of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. 241 11

Neurons surrounding the central canal in sacral spinal segments were functionally characterized on the basis of somatic and/or visceral afferent input, then intracellularly marked with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Tissue sections containing portions of HRP-stained neurons were subsequently immunohistochemically examined for the presence of contacts made by axonal enlargements containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SS), Leu-enkephalin (ENK), or serotonin (5-HT). ENK-and 5-HT-containing enlargements were found to contact all neurons examined. SP and SS terminals contacted fewer neurons, and were not associated with specific functional classes. On the other hand, VIP-containing fibers contacted only those neurons receiving visceral afferent input, thus supporting the contention that VIP is contained in a population of visceral afferent fibers projecting to the gray matter surrounding the central canal at sacral levels.
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PMID:Immunohistochemistry of synaptic input and functional characterizations of neurons near the spinal central canal. 241 42

A combination of fluorescent retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical staining for substance P (SP) and Leu-enkephalin (Enk) was used to study the projections from the interpeduncular nucleus (IP) to the dorsal tegmental region, i.e. the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus and the caudal extension of the dorsal raphe nucleus. After injections of 'Granular Blue' (GB) in the dorsal tegmental region, followed one or two days later by a colchicine injection near the IP, and subsequently two days later by the immunohistochemical procedure, populations of neurons double labeled for Enk and GB, or SP and GB, cells that only showed GB labeling, and a number of cells stained only for one of the peptides could be identified in the rostral subnucleus of the IP. This study demonstrates the existence of both Enk- and SP-containing projections from the IP to the dorsal tegmental region.
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PMID:Substance P- and enkephalin-containing projections from the interpeduncular nucleus to the dorsal tegmental region in the rat. 241 96

The subcellular distribution of noradrenaline (NA), neuropeptide Y (NPY), Met- and Leu-enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was investigated in homogenates of bovine splenic nerve. The distribution of noradrenergic peptide-containing nerves in the bovine celiac ganglion, splenic nerve and terminal areas in spleen was studied by indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), NPY, enkephalin peptides, SP, SOM, VIP, and peptide HI (PHI). After density gradient centrifugation, high levels of NPY- and ENK-like immunoreactivity (LI) were found in high-density gradient fractions, coinciding with the main NA peak. SP, SOM and VIP were found in fractions with a lower density, VIP being also enriched in a heavy fraction; the latter three peptides were present in low concentrations. Immunohistochemistry revealed that staining for NPY-LI and ENK-LI partly overlapped that for TH and DBH in celiac ganglia, splenic nerve axons and terminal areas of spleen. Almost all principal ganglion cells were TH- and DBH-immunoreactive. Many were also NPY-immunoreactive, whereas a smaller number were ENK-positive. In the celiac ganglion patches of dense SP-positive networks and some VIP/PHI- and ENK-immunoreactive fibers were seen around cell bodies. The results indicate that NPY and ENK are stored with NA in large dense-cored vesicles in unmyelinated axons of bovine splenic nerve. SP, SOM and VIP appear in different organelles in axon populations separate from sympathetic noradrenergic nerves.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y, enkephalin and noradrenaline coexist in sympathetic neurons innervating the bovine spleen. Biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence. 242 Apr 59

A whole mount immunofluorescence method was used for the localization of immunoreactivity (IR) to four regulatory peptides and the bioamine serotonin in the nervous system of Stenostomum leucops (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes). The flatworm S. leucops belongs to the taxon Catenulida which, according to the new phylogenetic system by Ax [2], forms a key group between the coelenterates and more advanced flatworm species. Positive IR was obtained using antisera against FMRF-amide, beta-endorphin, growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), substance P, and serotonin. The distribution patterns of these neuropeptide-like immunoreactivities differ significantly from each other. Antisera against Leu-enkephalin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), bombesin, cholecystokinin (CCK-8), neurotensin, somatostatin, growth hormone (GH), secretin, and neurophysin II gave negative results. This primitive flatworm shows similarities with hydra in the lack of IR to anti-somatostatin, anti-Leu-enkephalin, and anti-BPP. These antisera give positive IR in more advanced flatworm species, indicating a later convergent evolution of vertebrate-like peptides within the phylum Platyhelminthes.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in a microturbellarian--whole mount immunocytochemistry. 242 Dec 67

During open-heart surgery, myocardial biopsies were obtained before the start of extracorporeal circulation (from the right auricular appendage) and after weaning from the pump (from the right atrium), and processed for immunocytochemical demonstration of substance P- and leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibres and for electron microscopy. Substance P-immunoreactive nerves were seen around blood vessels, between myocardial cells and forming large glomerulus-like loops, but were not numerous. Leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves were very sparse. We therefore believe that both nerve types primarily are modulatory axons. In the post-weaning specimens, nerves of both types were more numerous (attributable to the different site of biopsy), and no change was seen in the immunofluorescence reaction. The ultrastructure (all types) of nerve terminals was well preserved, although myocardial damage was obvious in many specimens. Cardiac nerves, including peptidergic nerves, thus seem to be relatively resistant to ischaemia, hypothermic chemical cardioplegia and reperfusion injury.
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PMID:Substance P- and leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves before and after myocardial ischaemia, hypothermic chemical cardioplegia and reperfusion injury during open-heart surgery. 242 45

The effect of chronic neuroleptic treatment, using haloperidol or clozapine, on immunoreactive dynorphin peptide and substance P levels in basal ganglia of rats was examined. The drugs were administered i.p. in daily doses for 10 days (haloperidol 1 mg/kg and clozapine 10 mg/kg). Dynorphin A, dynorphin B and substance P were measured in substantia nigra, striatum, globus pallidus and hypothalamus using specific radioimmunoassays. The most prominent effects were observed with with clozapine which increased levels of all measured peptides in substantia nigra. Haloperidol only affected nigral substance P levels which declined, while nigral dynorphin peptide levels remained unchanged. In striatum, haloperidol slightly reduced dynorphin peptides while substance P was unaffected. Clozapine increased striatal substance P but the dynorphin peptides were not affected. Minor changes in dynorphin peptides found in globus pallidus and hypothalamus were not statistically reliable. Substance P was not changed in these structures after either of the two drugs. High molecular weight fragments (greater than or equal to 5,000) from the dynorphin precursor, proenkephalin B, were measured in substantia nigra and striatum using trypsin digestion and subsequent analysis of generated Leu-enkephalin-Arg6. These high molecular weight fragments were found to be affected in the same manner as the dynorphin peptides. This study indicates that the two types of neuroleptic drugs have different modes of interaction on peptide systems in basal ganglia of rats. Dynorphin peptides and substance P were also differentially affected.
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PMID:Chronic haloperidol and clozapine differentially affect dynorphin peptides and substance P in basal ganglia of the rat. 242 23


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