Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Capsaicin was applied locally to the sciatic or saphenous nerve, and the effects on axoplasmic transport, neurogenic plasma extravasation, and thermal pain were studied. Capsaicin (10 mg/ml) led to a complete block of axoplasmic transport of immunoreactive substance P (I-SP) and somatostatin (I-SRIF) in rat sciatic nerve without affecting the transport of noradrenaline or acetylcholinesterase. Inhibition of I-SP transport was also found in sciatic nerves of guinea-pig, cat and rabbit. In contrast, one or two weeks after systemic capsaicin treatment (125 mg/kg s.c.), orthograde transport of I-SP was the same in control and capsaicin-treated rats. After local capsaicin application to the sciatic nerve, a decrease of I-SP was found not only in skin and sciatic nerve distal to the site of application, but also in dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots and the dorsal half of the spinal cord segments L 4-5. This was accompanied by a loss of acid phosphatase activity in the substantia gelatinosa supplied by sciatic nerve afferents. Plasma extravasation by mustard oil was reduced in the skin of the hind paw with a time course identical to the I-SP depletion. The response to noxious heat (hot plate test) was, however, abolished earlier. These results indicate that capsaicin applied to a peripheral nerve inhibits axoplasmic transport in sensory but not in adrenergic or cholinergic neurons, which leads to long-term biochemical and functional changes of the entire sensory neuron. In addition, capsaicin appears to inhibit impulse propagation in certain populations of sensory neurons.
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PMID:Capsaicin applied to peripheral nerve inhibits axoplasmic transport of substance P and somatostatin. 617 69

High concentrations of K+ increase the release of substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SRIF) from superfused slices of rat spinal cord. This increase is Ca-dependent. Baclofen (100-500 microM) does not significantly alter the K+-evoked release of SP or SRIF. Stereoisomers of baclofen and GABA, similarly, are without effect. The spinal analgesic action of baclofen does not appear to be due to alterations in the release of SP or SRIF.
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PMID:Lack of effect of baclofen on substance P and somatostatin release from the spinal cord in vitro. 618 Mar 29

The ontogeny of neuropeptides, such as somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (LE), and neurotensin (NT) in the spinal cord (including the spinal ganglion) of the rat, was examined by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method. SRIF and SP appear in the early fetal period before the establishment of the spinal synaptic transmission system, and their appearance precedes that of LE and NT, thus suggesting that SRIF and SP might have some important role in the development of the spinal cord. Furthermore, a number of SRIF-positive structures are found during the fetal period in the spinal cord; however, SRIF-positive fibers in the ventral horn, lamina V, VI, and X tend to decrease remarkably in number after birth, while those found in the dorsal horn maintain their immunoreactivity even in the adult rats. These facts suggest that SRIF in the latter area might function as a neurotransmitter, whereas in the former areas, SRIF might have another role in the development of the spinal cord. SP-positive structures also made their appearance during the fetal period. SP-positive fibers continue to increase in number after birth, and they can be seen throughout the entire spinal cord even in the adult rats. It becomes difficult to identify SP-positive neurons as the rats grow. Numerous SP-positive cells are demonstrated, however, by colchicine pretreatment, thus suggesting that this system is functioning actively in the adult rats. LE- and NT-positive structures appear at perinatal stages and they continue to increase in number after birth. These facts suggest that these peptides (SP, LE and NT) might act as neurotransmitters.
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PMID:Ontogeny of the peptidergic system in the rat spinal cord: immunohistochemical analysis. 618 Nov 1

Substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SRIF) are known to inhibit the nicotine-induced release of catecholamines (CAs) from isolated adrenal chromaffin cells in culture22,24. In order to characterize the receptors mediating this action, we have tested several SP and SRIF analogues for their effects on release of [3H]L-norepinephrine ([3H]NE) from chromaffin cell cultures. SP-free acid and a series of 11 SP analogues, in which each amino acid of SP is replaced in turn by L-alanine, all inhibited the nicotine-induced release of [3H]NE from these cultures. The rank order of potency of the analogues for this action was similar to their reported order of potency in other SP-responsive tissues. The least potent were SP-free acid, [Ala7]-SP, [Ala10]-SP, [Ala8]-SP and [Ala11]-SP, while the potencies of the Ala 1 to 6 analogues and [Ala9]-SP were closer to that of SP. [Leu7]- and [Leu7,8]-SP had potencies similar to that of SP. SP itself had no effect on basal [3H]NE release and only the highest concentrations of some of the analogues tested had an effect (enhancement) on basal [3H]NE release. The results suggest that adrenal chromaffin cells possess a specific SP receptor mediating inhibition of agonist-induced CA release and that the binding site of this receptor shares similar structural requirements with the binding site of the SP receptor on other tissues. Several SRIF analogues, which have been previously shown to be more potent than native SRIF at selective SRIF receptors2,3,31, 35, were compared to SRIF for effects on [3H]NE release from chromaffin cell cultures. These analogues were found to be active but less potent than SRIF in inhibiting nicotine-induced [3H]NE release from these cultures, suggesting that the site mediating this action differs in its structural requirements from the SRIF receptor found in some other tissues.
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PMID:Characterization of substance P and somatostatin receptors on adrenal chromaffin cells using structural analogues. 618 47

The localization and distribution of regulatory peptides was studied in separated epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, and external muscular layer from 16 specimens of human bowel. Immunoreactive enteroglucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and neurotensin were almost confined to the epithelial fraction (97.5 +/- 2.2%, 97.5 +/- 4.2%, and 99.3 +/- 1.1% of their respective total content, mean +/- SEM) and were only localized in endocrine cells. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, and bombesinlike peptides were virtually restricted to the nonepithelial layers (99.6 +/- 0.2%, 99.6 +/- 0.2%, and 100%) and were demonstrated exclusively in nerves. A particularly rich vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve supply was seen in the nonepithelial mucosa, which contained the highest concentrations of these peptides, while bombesin was mainly recovered from the external muscle (87.7 +/- 2.7%). Somatostatin, measured with an antiserum highly specific for somatostatin-14, was found throughout the wall, mainly in the epithelium (39.9 +/- 5.2%) and lamina propria (29.5 +/- 5.9%), but could be immunostained only in endocrine cells.
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PMID:Tissue localization and relative distribution of regulatory peptides in separated layers from the human bowel. 618 65

Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder characterized by premature cell death, predominantly in the neostriatum. Decreased concentrations of several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been reported in the basal ganglia in Huntington disease. We now report that concentrations of radioimmunoassayable somatostatin are increased in extracts of the caudate (mean +/- standard error of the mean, ng/gm net weight; 247 +/- 24 versus 85 +/- 11), putamen (275 +/- 48 versus 74 +/- 11), external globus pallidus (100 +/- 10 versus 27 +/- 6), and internal globus pallidus (108 +/- 21 versus 21 +/- 8) in the disease. The concentrations of immunoreactive substance P measured in the same extracts were markedly reduced in caudate (mean +/- standard error of the mean, pmol/gm wet weight; 25 +/- 3 versus 109 +/- 20), putamen (28 +/- 7 versus 88 +/- 28), external globus pallidus (39 +/- 9 versus 196 +/- 62), and internal globus pallidus (60 +/- 17 versus 263 +/- 39), as well as in both subdivisions of the substantia nigra. Gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography showed radioimmunoassayable somatostatin to include peptides with physicochemical properties of the tetradecapeptide somatostatin and larger substances, including somatostatin-28-like material. A single peak of immunoreactive substance P corresponding to synthetic substance P was found by high performance liquid chromatography. These results suggest that immunoassayable somatostatin-containing neuronal elements in the neostriatum and globus pallidus in Huntington disease are affected differentially by the disease process from neurons that contain immunoreactive substance P.
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PMID:Somatostatin is increased in the basal ganglia in Huntington disease. 619 21

Bombesin (BN), substance P-(SP) and somatostatin (SRIF) were measured in individual laminae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar (L) spinal cord of control cats, and in the L6 segment of cats receiving a spinal hemisection (L2) or deafferentation via dorsal rhizotomy at L6, 7, S1. The interlaminar distribution of BN, SP, and SRIF was remarkably similar. Highest concentrations were found in the superficial dorsal horn, and progressively less was found proceeding ventrally. Some intersegmental variations in peptide concentration within a single lamina were found. Dorsal rhizotomy caused a significant decline in BN, SP and SRIF in lamina I-III, therefore all three peptides appear to be contained in dorsal root ganglion cells. Evidence is presented for the existence of ascending BN and SP projections originating in lamina I-III and VII, for a descending SRIF pathway terminating in lamina VIII, and for an ascending BN path in lamina VIII. Dorsal root afferents to lamina VIII influence levels of BN, SP and SRIF.
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PMID:Distribution and origin of bombesin, substance P and somatostatin in cat spinal cord. 619 1

The human brain contains several peptides with probable synaptic actions, some of which form complex neuronal networks in the limbic lobe (amygdala, hippocampus and temporal cortex). A limbic lobe abnormality has been postulated in schizophrenia on the basis of similarities between schizophrenic symptoms and symptoms in cases of known limbic pathology. Cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SRIF), neurotensin (NT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivities were measured by radioimmunoassay in 10 brain areas of 14 schizophrenics and 12 controls. In the schizophrenic group symptoms had been rated in life and the group was divided into Type I (n = 7) and Type II (n = 7) subgroups on the basis of the absence or presence of morbid negative symptoms. In control brains each peptide showed a characteristic distribution with high levels in cortex (CCK), limbic lobe (SOM, NT, VIP) or striatal areas (SP) and low levels of each of the peptides in thalamus. Significant (P less than 0.05) differences between groups were: reductions of CCK and SOM in hippocampus and CCK in amygdala in Type II schizophrenics, and CCK in the temporal cortex of the total schizophrenic group; and elevations of VIP in amygdala in Type I schizophrenics and of SP in the hippocampus in the total schizophrenic group. The findings could not be explained by variables such as age, delay between death and necropsy or to neuroleptic medication. These clinical-state related alterations in the peptide content of the limbic system in schizophrenia may illuminate the pathophysiological basis of the disease, particularly the distinction between Type I and II syndromes.
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PMID:Peptides, the limbic lobe and schizophrenia. 619 24

The effect of six hypothalamic peptides on the basal release of ACTH and that induced by arginine vasopressin (AVP) or by ovine corticotrophin releasing factor (oCRF) from fragments of the rat anterior pituitary gland incubated in vitro was investigated. Dose-response curves to AVP and to oCRF were obtained, and the response to a low dose of oCRF was potentiated by a low dose of AVP. Basal release of ACTH was not affected by any of the peptides in concentrations in the range 10(-12) to 10(-6) mol/l, and only substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SRIF) inhibited significantly the response to oCRF in a dose-related manner. The responses to a range of doses of oCRF or AVP were reduced by 10(-8) and 10(-6) mol SP or SRIF/l, and to a greater extent by the higher dose. Except in the case of 10(-6) mol SRIF/l on the response to AVP, the response was not further diminished by preincubation of the tissue with the peptide before the stimulating agent was added. The inhibition of the responses to AVP or oCRF by 10(-9) mol SP/l was not potentiated by its combination with either 5 X 10(-10) or 10(-8) mol SRIF/l; the inhibitory effects were merely additive. The results suggest that although SRIF and SP are able to modulate the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland, they do so only at a high concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of hypothalamic neuropeptides on corticotrophin release from quarters of rat anterior pituitary gland in vitro. 619 17

The location of substance P, enkephalin and somatostatin (SRIF), and neurophysin II immunoreactive nerve terminals and preterminal processes in the caudal part of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (nTS) was examined by the indirect immunofluorescence method for immunocytochemistry combined with cytoarchitectural identification of nuclear subgroups in the same tissue. In 22 Sprague-Dawley rats we examined 14-micrometers-thick serial sections of the dorsal medulla at levels from 1 mm caudal to 2 mm rostral to the obex. These sections were incubated with substance P, enkephalin, somatostatin, and neurophysin II antisera. All four peptides were examined in each case and five typical levels (two caudal and three rostral to the obex) were selected for comparison of terminal distribution between peptides. All sections were photographed under the fluorescence microscope and then counter-stained with cresyl violet. This method of analysis revealed distinct patterns of neuropeptide immunoreactivity in the subnuclei of the nTS that varied according to the level of the section. The nTS is responsible for integrating respiratory, cardiovascular (baroreceptor and cardiac), and gastrointestinal functions. The ventrolateral subnucleus (Vl)nTS, ventral subnucleus (v)nTS, interstitial subnucleus (ni)nTS, and intermediate subnucleus (nI)nTS are the major respiratory subnuclei with vlnTS and vnTS prominently associated with pulmonary afferents, ni associated with laryngeal afferents, and nI with tracheal afferents. The vlnTS, vnTS, and ni showed a moderate density of somatostatin-positive nerve terminals, scattered substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivity, and no neurophysin II-positive terminals. The nI showed moderate density of substance P immunoreactive nerve terminals. The subnuclei of the nTS receiving baroreceptor and chemoreceptor afferents--dorsolateral and dorsal (dl and d) subnuclei of nTS--showed scattered substance P immunoreactive nerve terminals. The commissural nucleus of nTS (ncom), which receives most of the cardiac afferents, showed a moderate density of enkephalin-positive immunoreactive nerve terminals. The medial subnucleus (m)nTS at levels rostral to the obex, the primary site for the termination of gastrointestinal afferents, showed substance P immunoreactivity in moderate amounts and weak immunoreactivity for all the other neuropeptides. An important result of these experiments was the observation that regions of the medulla adjacent to the nTS, i.e., the ventral parasolitarius region (vPSR), dorsal (d)PSR, and the periventricular region (PVR) showed the densest amounts of immunoreactive nerve terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Distribution of neuropeptide immunoreactive nerve terminals within the subnuclei of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius of the rat. 619 82


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