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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper describes a method for dissociation of intrinsic neurones from the atria and interatrial septum of newborn guinea-pig heart and their maintenance in culture. The appearance of the cultured intracardiac neurones, muscle and other non-neuronal cell types also present in the preparation has been observed by phase-contrast microscopy. Some of the neurochemical properties of the intracardiac neurones in culture have been investigated using histochemical methods. All the neurones studied were shown to contain acetylcholinesterase. No catecholamine-containing neurones were found. Using an indirect immunofluorescence technique, 20-50% of clearly identifiable neurones in culture contained neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive neurones were found in only one out of 15 culture preparations; no substance P-, neurotensin-, or enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was observed. These findings are consistent with those described for intracardiac neurones studied in situ, suggesting that the neurochemical differentiation of the intrinsic heart neurones is retained in culture. The culture preparation provides an opportunity to study the properties and role of intrinsic neurones of the heart. The characteristics of the intracardiac neurones may be distinguished from those of the extrinsic nerve fibres which degenerate in culture. Further, the intracardiac neurones are more accessible to experimental manipulation in culture than in situ.
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PMID:Intrinsic neurones and associated cells of the guinea-pig heart in culture. 394 57

A major group of cholinergic neurons is present in the midbrain and pontine tegmentum. These cells could be selectively stained using either monoclonal antibodies to choline acetyltransferase, the pharmacohistochemical acetylcholinesterase procedure, or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry. Using these three techniques, the precise distribution of this cell group was determined. By combining these techniques with immunohistochemical staining for various neuropeptides, examples of peptide-cholinergic coexistence could be demonstrated in this cell group. Approximately 30% of these cholinergic neurons displayed substance P immunoreactivity. Most of these cells also showed corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide immunoreactivity. These results therefore provide evidence for the coexistence of various neuropeptides together with NADPH-diaphorase activity in the ascending cholinergic reticular system.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and NADPH-diaphorase activity in the ascending cholinergic reticular system of the rat. 396 Mar 9

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity at the synapses of presynaptic boutons on presumed alpha-motoneurons in the chicken ventral horn was studied histochemically at the light- and electron-microscope levels. At the light-microscope level, many dot-like AChE-active sites were observed on the soma and dendrites of presumed alpha-motoneurons. On electron microscopy, reaction products for AChE activity were observed mainly in the synaptic clefts of the four kinds of presynaptic boutons: (1) S type boutons, (2) boutons containing small, spherical, dense cored vesicles (diameter range, 60-105 nm) and spherical, clear vesicles, (3) boutons containing medium-sized, spherical, dense cored vesicles (65-115 nm) and spherical, clear vesicles, and (4) boutons containing large, spherical, dense cored vesicles (80-130 nm) and spherical, clear vesicles. In the light of previous physiological and biochemical studies, the present results suggest the possibility that each of these presynaptic boutons which are AChE-active in their synaptic clefts may contain acetylcholine, substance P, or enkephalins which acts as a neurotransmitter or modulator.
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PMID:Acetylcholinesterase activity at the synapses of presynaptic boutons with presumed alpha-motoneurons in chicken ventral horn. Light- and electron-microscopic studies. 406 9

F9 line embryonal carcinoma cells were induced to differentiate into neural direction by long-term treatment of monolayer cultures with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Bi- and multi-polar cells appeared, expressing acetylcholinesterase and neurofilament proteins but not markers of glial differentiation including GFA-protein. Nerve growth factor combined with both retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP greatly enhanced the development of neuron-like morphology and induced expression of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase as well as to Leu-encephalin-like peptides. Similarly, serotonin-like immunofluorescence but not substance P-like immunoreactivity was demonstrable in such cultures. In addition, synaptic-like vesicles were often found in the processes. Analysis of matrix expression in neuronally differentiated F9 cells revealed marked increase in laminin production, as judged by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy, but no demonstrable intracellular staining for fibronectin or type IV collagen. The results with neuronal cells contrast with the expression of all the three matrix components in endodermally differentiating F9 cells in the same cultures.
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PMID:Neuronal differentiation in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. 610 Jan 70

The characteristics of the islands of Calleja complex (ICC) in the basal forebrain of the rat were studied with immunohistochemistry, histofluorescence, acetylcholinesterase staining, India ink vascular perfusions, electron microscopy, and steroid autoradiography. The ICC contains clusters of granule cells and associated medium-sized and large cells in the surrounding neuropil of the olfactory tubercle and septum-nucleus accumbens interface. The ICCs were found to contain monoamine fibers (dopamine and norepinephrine), neuroactive peptide fibers (leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, substance P, cholecystokinin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone), acetylcholinesterase-containing somata and dendrites, and medium-sized and large cells that concentrate [3H] estradiol. The specific overlap and combination of putative neurotransmitters in separate compartments of the ICC suggest that these structures contain striatum- and pallidumlike components. Striatumlike regions are defined as the zone in the rim regions of the ICC and are innervated predominantly by dopamine and cholecystokinin inputs. Pallidumlike regions are defined as the synaptic zone near the medium-sized and large cells of the cap and core regions of the ICC and they are innervated predominantly by enkephalin, substance P, and gamma aminobutyric acid inputs. The morphology, connections, and neurotransmitter relationships of the ICC, therefore, resemble classical striatopallidal systems. The additional presence of substances involved in the reproductive neuroendocrine systems (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, estradiol-binding cells, especially in the medial ICC, suggest that some ICC are involved in an endocrine corticostriatopallidal system. These endocrine systems resemble other neocortically and allocortically originating corticostriatopallidal systems in terms of their cell types, connections, and neurotransmitter systems. A functional role for the ICC in extrapyramidal motor systems is proposed.
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PMID:The islands of Calleja complex of rat basal forebrain. III. Histochemical evidence for a striatopallidal system. 613 33

The organization of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the adult rat was analyzed using cytoarchitectonic, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Four paired and four unpaired subnuclei can be distinguished in the IPN on the basis of neuronal size, morphology, staining characteristics and packing density. The rostral portion of the IPN contains a rostral dorsal, a rostral ventral and paired rostral lateral and dorsal lateral nuclei. The dorsal lateral nuclei continue into the caudal IPN, which also contains a caudal dorsal, a caudal ventral and paired caudal lateral nuclei. The distribution of extrinsic afferents and of chemically identified intrinsic neuronal and fiber populations within subdivisions of the IPN was examined using immunohistochemistry, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, catecholamine histofluorescence and the autoradiographic tracing method. Six immunohistochemically distinct neuronal groups are identified in the IPN. Perikarya and axons showing substance P-, leu-enkephalin-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, serotonin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity are localized to specific IPN subnuclei. Acetylcholinesterase-positive staining, extrinsic norepinephrine-containing fibers and afferents from the dorsal tegmental nuclei are also distributed specifically to IPN subnuclei. These findings demonstrate a cytoarchitectonic and cytochemical complexity in the rat IPN that implies an important functional role for this poorly understood nuclear complex.
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PMID:Interpeduncular nucleus organization in the rat: cytoarchitecture and histochemical analysis. 614 33

The release of transmitters was studied in various structures of the basal ganglia in cats implanted with several push-pull cannulas. Local depolarization enhanced Met-enkephalin release in the globus pallidus. Activation of striatonigral substance P(SP) neutrons stimulated the transmitter release from terminals. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus evoked GABA release in both substantia nigrae and pallidoentopeduncular nuclei. The unilateral facilitation or interruption of nigral SP transmission modified dopamine (DA) release in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus in contrast, modifications of GABAergic or glycinergic nigral transmissions induced bilateral symmetrical effects, whereas bilateral asymmetrical changes in DA release in the two caudate nuclei were seen during the unilateral modification of nigral DA transmission. Changes in the dendritic release of DA induced changes in serotonin release both in the substantia nigra and in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus. Finally, it will be shown that acetylcholinesterase can be released from the substantia nigra and the caudate nucleus through processes dependent on nerve activity.
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PMID:In vivo release of transmitters in the cat basal ganglia. 616 43

Nerve fibers containing substance P, VIP, enkephalin or somatostatin are numerous in the porcine gut wall. They are particularly numerous in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses where peptide-containing cell bodies are also observed. Peptide-containing nerve fibers occur also in the vagus nerves, suggesting that the gut receives and extrinsic supply of peptidergic nerves. The extrinsic contribution to the peptide-containing nerve supply of the gut wall has not yet been quantitatively assessed. In an attempt to clarify this question pigs were subjected to bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Another group of animals was subjected to complete extrinsic denervation by autotransplantation of a jejunal segment. The pigs were killed at various time intervals after the operations; the longest time interval studied was four months. Following vagotomy the innervation pattern of the jejunum appeared completely unaffected. Following complete extrinsic denervation the adrenergic nerve fibers disappeared, while peptide-containing and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers remained apparently unaltered. This was confirmed chemically in the case of substance P. The motor activity of smooth muscle from the jejunum was studied in vitro. At low stimulation frequencies the smooth muscle from control jejunum responded by relaxation; upon cessation of stimulation a contraction occurred. With increasing stimulation frequencies the duration of the relaxation decreased; at high frequency stimulation only a contraction was recorded. In the autotransplant low frequency stimulation induced no or only a weak relaxation; high frequency stimulation induced contraction. After cholinergic and adrenergic blockade, the muscle responded with relaxation at all frequencies; the response was similar in innervated and denervated specimens. On the whole, the effects of extrinsic denervation on the motor activity of smooth muscle from porcine jejunum were minor, possibly reflecting the high degree of autonomy of the gut.
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PMID:Peptide-containing neurons intrinsic to the gut wall. An experimental study in the pig. 616 67

Numerous nerve fibres containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP) or immunoreactive avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) occur in the nasal mucosa of several mammals, including man. Generally, the nerve fibres are distributed around small blood vessels and seromucous glands. In addition, SP containing fibres can be seen in the nasal epithelium. The pterygopalatine ganglion contains acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive nerve cell bodies together with VIP and SP containing ones. After exposure to colchicine it could be shown that the VIP and SP containing nerve cell bodies also were positive for AChE. VIP and SP are potant mediators of atropine resistent vasodilatation in the mucosa. The physiological effects of APP are not known.
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PMID:Peptide containing nerves in the nasal mucosa. 616 79

The sensitivity to capsaicin of substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the hearts of guinea-pigs was examined. Capsaicin decreased considerably the substance P-immunoreactive material in nerve fibres of the parietal pericardium, atria, bicuspid and tricuspid valves. Pericardial and valvar nerve fibres localized by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry had a distribution and density pattern similar to that of the substance P immunoreactive fibres. Capsaicin treatment also decreased the number of visible AChE-positive nerve fibres. It is known that capsaicin has a selective action on those substance P-immunoreactive fibres that are of sensory origin; thus, these results imply that substance P-immunoreactive fibres in the heart are sensory. Moreover, the results suggest that some of the nerve fibres localized in the heart by AChE histochemistry are substance P-containing sensory fibres.
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PMID:Depletion by capsaicin of substance P-immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity from nerve fibres in the guinea-pig heart. 617 21


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