Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nerves in the feline eustachian tube was studied using histochemical techniques. Adrenergic, acetylcholinesterase-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the tubal wall. All three types of nerve fibers occurred in the subepithelial layer, around small blood vessels and around the acini of seromucous glands. No nerves displaying substance P or enkephalin immunoreactivity were observed.
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PMID:Innervation of the feline eustachian tube. 8 26

Dorsal roots and spinal ganglion cells of adult cats were studied for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) content. An inverse correlation exists between cell size and AChE activity; large neurons are AChE-negative whereas small ones are intensely AChE-positive. A few AChE-positive fibers were demonstrated in the dorsal roots. A possible correlation between AChE activity and substance P content of primary sensory neurons is discussed.
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PMID:Acetylcholinesterase activity of primary sensory neurons and dorsal root fibers in the cat. 62 13

Recently, we have demonstrated that guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries are supplied by numerous nerve fibres containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity. However, examination of vasomotor responses revealed that NPY did not elicit a contractile response in these arteries. In contrast, acetylcholine (ACh), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) all relaxed precontracted arteries. In the present study, we have used histochemical, immunohistochemical and in vitro pharmacological techniques, in order to further investigate the possible role of NPY in guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries. A double-immunofluorescence staining technique revealed that CGRP and substance P were co-localized in nerve fibres distinct from those displaying NPY immunoreactivity. Furthermore, using a method combining immunofluorescence and histochemical techniques, we observed that putative cholinergic nerve fibres (identified by their acetylcholinesterase content) and NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres are two different nerve populations. An in vitro pharmacological method demonstrated that NPY markedly inhibited the relaxant responses mediated by ACh, VIP, substance P and isoprenaline but had no effect on CGRP. These results suggest that NPY-containing nerves associated with guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries may be predominantly involved in modulating the action of vasodilator agents.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y modulates the action of vasodilator agents in guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries. 127 55

Investigations on dogs show that substance P suppresses pentagastrin gastric acid secretion. This effect is abolished by acetylcholinesterase block by calimin. The results indicate that pentagastrin and substance P participate in cholinergic regulation of gastric acid secretion.
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PMID:[The effect of pentagastrin and substance P on the gastric parietal glandulocytes]. 128 57

1. Experiments were designed to determine whether differences exist in the sensitivity to muscarinic and tachykinin agonists in rabbit airways. 2. The rank order of sensitivity (pD2 value) to acetylcholine was: trachea > proximal bronchus > distal bronchus, whereas no regional difference was observed in the sensitivity to carbamylcholine which is resistant to acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholinesterase activity was greater in the distal than in the proximal airway. 4. In the absence of the peptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, the pD2 values of neurokinin A (NKA) and substance P (SP) in trachea were significantly greater than that in bronchus, whereas no regional difference was observed in the NK1 selective agonist, substance P methyl ester (SPOMe). 5. Application of phosphoramidon (10 microM) to avoid peptide degradation abolished the regional difference of the pD2 values of SP. 6. In conclusion, regional differences in sensitivities to acetylcholine and NKA in the rabbit airway were suggested to be due to distribution to the metabolic enzymes of these drugs.
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PMID:Regional differences of the contractile responses to acetylcholine and neurokinin A in rabbit airway: heterogeneous distribution of the metabolic enzymes. 133 45

In addition to the cholinergic and adrenergic nervous systems, a new noncholinergic and nonadrenergic nervous system has recently been described, involving the afferent sensory nerves in the airways. Many irritants (dusts, chemicals) stimulate these sensory nerves to release neuropeptides. Among these neuropeptides, the "tachykinins" exist in sensory nerves of airways (substance P, neurokinin A). These tachykinins have the ability to affect multiple cells in the airways and to provoke many responses including smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, plasma extravasation and neutrophil adhesion. This series of effects is termed "neurogenic inflammation". Using the respiratory tract as experimental model, it has been shown that: a) substance P (SP) is widely distributed in afferent fibers in the vagus, b) SP-immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in the epithelium, in airway smooth muscle, near blood vessels and submucosal glands, c) substance P and other tachykinins are released from sensory nerve terminals during stimulation electrically and by capsaicin, d) local administration of substance P mimics the effect of sensory nerve stimulation, e) smooth muscle contraction, gland secretion and plasma leakage, normally induced by nerve stimulation or noxious stimulus, are absent in tissues pretreated with the substance P depleting agent capsaicin or with tachykinin antagonists. These findings indicate that peptidergic nerve fibers are involved in the local regulation of tone of smooth muscle, regulation of blood flow, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion. We released that degradative mechanisms could play an important role in modulating tachykinin effects, just as acetylcholinesterase modulates effects of acetylcholine released from nerve terminals. We discovered that a membrane-bound enzyme called enkephalinase (also called neutral endopeptidase, EC 3, 4, 24, 11), located on specific cells that contain tachykinin receptors, modulate the action of tachykinins by cleaving and thus inactivating them. Our studies demonstrate that viral infection or cigarette smoke potentiate various effects of tachykinins by decreasing tissue enkephalinase activity. Thus, down-regulation of enkephalinase activity in specific tissues can modify the extent of neurogenic inflammation, and this modification could be important in the pathogenesis of diseases in airways and other tissues that contain tachykinins.
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PMID:[The role of enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase) in neurogenic inflammation of the respiratory tract]. 134 Apr 78

A syngeneic transplantation of 150 islets into the subcapsular renal space was performed on normoglycemic or alloxan-induced diabetic male C57BL/6 mice. Six, 8, 14, or 20-21 wk after transplantation, the graft-bearing kidney was removed and processed for microscopical examinations with indirect immunofluorescence for neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase, and with acetylcholinesterase staining to visualize nerve fibers within the graft. Six weeks after implantation, only a few scattered nerve fibers were observed within the grafts. A progressive increase in the number of nerves was observed until 14 wk after transplantation, after which, a stable level was reached. Alloxan-induced diabetic mice showed quantitatively and qualitatively similar reinnervation to normoglycemic mice 20 wk after transplantation. The findings demonstrate the presence of sympathetic nerve fibers (containing tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y), mainly accompanying ingrowing blood vessels; parasympathetic nerve fibers (containing acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide), possibly reaching the graft from the adjacent renal capsule; and afferent nerve fibers (containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide), which were less numerous. The data suggest that transplanted islets become reinnervated by ingrowth of nerve fibers from the implantation organ and that several types of nerves are present.
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PMID:Reinnervation of syngeneic mouse pancreatic islets transplanted into renal subcapsular space. 134 84

The uterus and vagina of the guinea pig have been examined, region by region, for acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity, as well as for the neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, enkephalin and somatostatin. No acetylcholinesterase activity was localized in the uterus, though it was present in associated paracervical ganglion tissues. Of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was found virtually throughout the reproductive tract, whereas aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity was restricted in its distribution. Neuropeptide distribution was quite varied. Neuropeptide Y was found throughout the endometrium/submucosa but only in the muscularis of the vagina and not in the myometrium. Substance P was localized in the vagina and uterine horn, though not the body of the uterus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in all regions of the endometrium/submucosa, but not in the myometrium of the uterine horn. Enkephalin and somatostatin were not localized in any part of the reproductive tract examined, apart from paracervical ganglion tissues. The types and significance of the nerves supplying the reproductive tract are discussed.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in the female guinea-pig uterus and vagina. 135 70

1. The effects of retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, nerve growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate on the human neuroblastoma cell line, LAN-5, were studied. Intracellular levels of acetylcholinesterase, neuron-specific enolase, catecholamines and related neurotransmitters, vasointestinal peptide, and substance P were evaluated after induction. 2. Cell morphology was strongly affected by retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. The main effects of retinoic acid and gamma-interferon were the loosening of cell clusters and the extension of long neurites; cytosine arabinoside induced cell body swelling and marked neuritogenesis. Following 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate treatment, the cells became small, round, and neuritic. Conversely, modifications induced by nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were mild. Cell proliferation rate was reduced by retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, while nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were devoid of effects. 3. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly stimulated by retinoic acid and by gamma-interferon. Neuron-specific enolase activity was unaffected by all treatments except 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, which enhanced it by 1.6-fold. 4. The cellular catecholamine and related metabolite content was lowered by retinoic acid and gamma-interferon, while cytosine arabinoside and, even more, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate showed a stimulatory activity on their intracellular accumulation. 5. Finally, the cell-associated vasointestinal peptide level was strikingly increased by gamma-interferon and, to a lesser extent, by retinoic acid, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. 6. It is concluded that the most relevant biochemical changes associated with LAN-5 cells differentiation involve the repertoire of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These events vary in quality and in quantity, likely due to the pattern complexity of gene expression triggered by each inducer in determining the diversity of neuronal phenotypes.
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PMID:A combined evaluation of biochemical and morphological changes during human neuroblastoma cell differentiation. 135 48

The laminar patterns of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rabbit retina show striking similarities. Discrete bands of SP-immunoreactivity were seen at 1-7%, 40-48% and 85-95% depth of IPL. AChE activity was present throughout the entire thickness of the IPL with moderately stained bands in each sublamina (3-24% in sublamina a and 62-89% in sublamina b depth IPL). These bands were bordered on both sides by bands of even greater density (in sublamina a 0-3% and 24-34% and in sublamina b 55-62% and 89-100% depth IPL). Cell processes staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) have previously been shown to ramify at 19-24% and 63-79% depth levels. Thus, SP- and ChAT-immunoreactive bands are located in both sublaminae, positioned within regions of moderate AChE activity and flanked by bands with greater AChE activity. This strong morphological correspondence and reported interactions between acetylcholine (ACh), AChE and SP in vitro provide the basis for the present study to determine whether such interactions can be demonstrated in vivo. Retinas infused with ACh showed a 60% average increase in SP-IR as compared with untreated retinas from the same animals. Treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) also resulted in a 56% increase in SP-IR. The ability of ACh to induce increased levels of SP was not inhibited by CoCl2, atropine or mecamylamine, ruling out the possibilities of polysynaptic transmission or involvement of muscarinic or nicotinic receptors. Infusion of ACh did not increase the levels of preprotachykinin-mRNA indicating that the increase in SP-IR is not due to de novo synthesis but rather to inhibition of the enzyme(s) responsible for SP degradation. Whether AChE functions alone or in concert with other enzymes to hydrolyze SP cannot be determined from these experiments but is addressed in a separate study.
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PMID:Hydrolysis of substance P in the rabbit retina: I. Involvement of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase. An in vivo study. 137 Nov 82


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