Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Injections of the B-subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) were made into the sciatic nerve of the rat. Following a survival of 2-3 days, the fluorescent antibody technique was used to show that CTB can be utilized as a highly sensitive immunocytochemically detectable transganglionic tracer for primary afferent fibers in the spinal cord. CTB-labeled fibers as well as fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP-) or substance P-like immunoreactivity were visualized simultaneously by using different fluorochromes. However, no double labeled fibers were found.
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PMID:Demonstration of transganglionically transported choleragenoid in rat spinal cord by immunofluorescence cytochemistry. 128 Dec 98

Projections and peptide neurotransmitter/neuromodulator content of autonomic and visceral afferent neurons of the guinea pig were studied after application of the subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB) with or without horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as retrograde and anterograde tracers and subsequent immunohistochemical processing for double staining using antibodies raised to CTB, HRP and various neuropeptides. The results demonstrate that substance P (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing dorsal root ganglion cells project to the pylorus as well as to the celiac superior mesenteric and stellate ganglia as demonstrated with both retrograde and anterograde transport methodology. Binding studies revealed that a small number of the CTB-binding dorsal root ganglion cells contains immunoreactivity to SP and CGRP. The majority of the CTB-binding cells is SP- and CGRP-negative and terminate in the deeper parts of the dorsal horn. After injection of CTB conjugated to HRP (B-HRP) into the nodose ganglion, both motor and sensory elements were labeled in the medulla oblongata. Some of the CTB labeled vagal sensory nerve fibers in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) were also found to contain immunoreactivity to SP or CGRP. The tracer was also transported through the peripheral branch of the nodose ganglion cells and labeled terminals in the esophagus.
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PMID:Simultaneous immunohistochemical demonstration of intra-axonally transported markers and neuropeptides in the peripheral nervous system of the guinea pig. 247 17

We studied the effects of B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) on secretagogue-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. CTB inhibited the release of histamine in response to compound 48/80, but not in response to mastoparan, substance P, concanavalin A or ionophore A23187. The results suggest that CTB can be used as a tool for studying the cellular events involved in histamine release from mast cells.
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PMID:Effects of B subunit of cholera toxin on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. 752 88

Recent data indicate that there is a cardiotopic organization of negative chronotropic and negative dromotropic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (NA). Negative dromotropic neurons are found in the rostral ventrolateral NA (rNA-VL), negative chronotropic neurons are found in the caudal ventrolateral NA (cNA-VL), and both types of neurons are found in an intermediate level of the ventrolateral NA (iNA-VL). Substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve terminals synapse upon negative chronotropic vagal motoneurons in the iNA-VL, and SP microinjections in the NA cause bradycardia. In the present report we have attempted to: (1) define the type of tachykinin receptor which mediates the negative chronotropic effect of SP microinjections into the iNA-VL; (2) define the physiological effect of microinjections of a selective SP agonist into the rNA-VL on atrioventricular (AV) conduction: and (3) find ultrastructural evidence for synaptic interactions of SP-immunoreactive nerve terminals with negative dromotropic vagal motoneurons in the rNA-VL. Microinjections of the excitatory amino acid glutamate (Glu) into the iNA-VL to activate all local vagal preganglionic neurons caused both bradycardia and a decrease in the rate of AV conduction. Injections of the selective neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor agonist drug GR-73632 also caused bradycardia, however the rapid onset of agonist induced desensitization prevented an evaluation of potential effects on AV conduction in the iNA-VL. These data suggest that the SP-induced bradycardia which can be elicited from the NA is mediated, at least in part, by NK-1 receptors. Microinjections of Glu into the rNA-VL caused a decrease in AV conduction without an effect on cardiac rate. On the other hand, GR-73632 microinjections into rNA-VL did not affect AV conduction. Following injections of the beta subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) into the left atrial fat pad ganglion which selectively mediates changes in AV conduction, retrogradely labeled neurons were histochemically visualized in the rNA-VL. These tissues were subsequently processed for the simultaneous immunocytochemical visualization of SP, and examined by electron microscopy. Histochemically labeled neurons were large, multipolar, with abundant cytoplasm containing large masses of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and exhibited distinctive dendritic and somatic spines. Unlabeled nerve terminals were noted to form either asymmetric or symmetric synapses with dendrites, dendritic spines, and perikarya of histochemically labeled neurons. SP-immunoreactive nerve terminals were also detected in the rNA-VL. SP terminals typically contained numerous small pleomorphic vesicles, multiple large dense core vesicles, and several mitochondria, and they synapsed upon unlabeled dendritic profiles. A total of 154 SP-immunoreactive nerve terminals were observed on photomicrographs of tissues which also contained histochemically labeled profiles. None made an identifiable synapse with a retrogradely labeled profile on the sections examined. In summary, both physiological and ultrastructural data indicate that SP terminals in the iNA-VL do modify the output of negative chronotropic vagal motoneurons. This effect is mediated by NK-1 receptors. On the other hand both physiological and ultrastructural data indicate that SP terminals in the rNA-VL do not modify the output of negative dromotropic vagal motoneurons. Therefore different mechanisms (neurotransmitters or receptors) mediate the central vagal control of cardiac rate and AV conduction.
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PMID:What are the roles of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptors in the control of negative chronotropic or negative dromotropic vagal motoneurons? A physiological and ultrastructural analysis. 873 39

We have examined whether delayed exogenous NGF administered to an axotomised peripheral nerve reverses the increased transganglionic choleragenoid (CTB) labelling in lamina II. Two, four, eight or 18 weeks after bilateral sciatic nerve section, NGF was applied unilaterally for an additional 2-week period to the transected nerve stump. The transganglionic choleragenoid labelling and substance P (SP) expression were determined and compared to the contralateral axotomised side in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Delayed NGF administration reversed the transganglionic choleragenoid labelling in lamina II when administered 2 or 18 weeks after the sciatic nerve lesion, but not at 4 or 8 weeks. There was also a clear recovery of SP on the axotomised, NGF-treated side 2 or 18 weeks after the sciatic nerve lesion, but not at the intermediate survival times. At the longer survival time, however, there was a recovery of SP regardless of NGF treatment. These results suggest that there is a critical window as to when NGF administration can be effective in reversing axotomy-induced changes in the spinal cord.
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PMID:Delayed administration of NGF reverses nerve injury induced central alterations of primary afferents. 1143 19

This study investigated the synaptic interactions between hypoglossal motoneurons that project to the genioglossus muscle and substance P (SP) containing immunoreactive nerve terminals. Cholera toxin B conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) was injected into the right half of the genioglossus muscle in four anesthetized cats. Two days later, the animals were perfused with acrolein fixative. Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was the chromogen used to detect retrogradely labeled cells containing CTB-HRP. The tissues were then processed for immunocytochemistry using an antiserum raised against SP with diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen. At the light microscopic level, labeled cells were observed primarily ipsilaterally in ventral and ventrolateral subdivisions of the hypoglossal nucleus. The majority of these labeled cells were observed at the level of the area postrema. At the electron microscopic level, SP-like immunoreactive nerve terminals formed synaptic contacts with retrogradely labeled dendrites and perikarya. Nineteen percent of the terminals that contacted retrogradely labeled cells contained SP. These are the first ultrastructural studies demonstrating synaptic interactions between protruder hypoglossal motoneurons and SP terminals. These studies demonstrate that hypoglossal motoneurons which innervate the major protruder muscle of the tongue, the genioglossus muscle, may be modulated by SP. Thus, SP may play a role in the control of protrusive movements of the tongue acting via neurokinin receptors.
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PMID:Genioglossal hypoglossal motoneurons contact substance P-like immunoreactive nerve terminals in the cat: a dual labeling electron microscopic study. 1461 58

In songbirds, the learning and maintenance of song is dependent on auditory feedback, but little is known about the presence or role of other forms of sensory feedback. Here, we studied the innervation of the avian vocal organ, the syrinx, in the zebra finch. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and neural tracing with subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB), we analysed the peripheral and central endings of the branch of the hypoglossal nerve that supplies the syrinx, the tracheosyringeal nerve. In the syringeal muscles, we show the presence of numerous choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive en plaque motor endplates and substance P-like immunoreactive, thin and varicose free nerve endings. Substance P-like immunoreactive free nerve endings were also present in the luminal syringeal tissues, especially in the luminal epithelium of the trachea and pessulus. Also, by a combination of immunofluorescence and transganglionic tracing following injections of CTB in the tracheosyringeal nerve, we identified as central targets of the syringeal receptors the caudolateral part of the interpolaris subnucleus of the descending trigeminal tract, a caudolateral region of the nucleus tractus solitarius, and a lateral band of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus. Further studies are required to determine the sensory modalities of these receptors and the connections of their specific synaptic targets.
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PMID:Innervation of the syrinx of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). 2847 66