Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lumbar spinal motoneurons of urethane-anesthetized rats were driven at stable low firing rates by automatically cycled iontophoretic applications of glutamate or aspartate. The effects of iontophoretically applied serotonin, substance P or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on glutamate or aspartate-evoked activity were then tested. All 3 substances were found to enhance both glutamate- and aspartate-induced excitation of the motoneurons. This enhancement of excitability was usually preceded by a brief period of inhibition at current onset. Although the effects of serotonin and substance P were qualitatively remarkably similar, TRH differed in that TRH occasionally inhibited motoneuron excitability without subsequent facilitation, and tachyphylaxis developed for the facilitatory effects of TRH. After TRH desensitization, serotonin could still enhance spinal motoneuron excitability.
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PMID:A comparison of the effects of serotonin, substance P and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on excitability of rat spinal motoneurons in vivo. 240 2

Immunoreactive substance P (SPI) and somatostatin (SOMI) are found in spinal cord but their physiological roles remain speculative. Several classes of neuropeptides, including endogenous opioids and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), have been implicated in the pathogenesis or recovery from spinal cord injury. In the present studies, changes in SPI and SOMI were examined in the spinal cord after traumatic injury in the rat. Both peptides showed time-dependent, localized decreases at the injury site, which were statistically related to the degree of post-traumatic neurological dysfunction. Such changes differ from those of a number of other peptides after spinal injury and suggest that substance P and/or somatostatin may play a role in the secondary pathophysiological responses which follow trauma to the spinal cord.
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PMID:Changes in substance P and somatostatin in the spinal cord after traumatic spinal injury in the rat. 241 Aug 10

An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus. The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. 241 88

The effect of graded doses of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), enkephalin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin-17, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-4, CCK-8, neurotensin, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the substance P (SP)-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in anaesthetized pigs was studied by direct infusion of the peptides into the arterial supply of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Infusion of SP in a dose of 20 pmol/kg per min for 3 min significantly increased the LESP (P less than 0.01). Simultaneous VIP infusion at 5--40 pmol/kg per min showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the effect of SP on the LESP. None of the other peptides had any effect on the LESP during simultaneous infusion of SP. Pharmacological blockade by atropine (250 mu/kg) or guanethidine (1 mg/kg) had no effect on the SP-stimulated LESP. In conclusion, the SP-induced stimulation of the LESP is abolished by VIP, and both peptides seem to play a role in the complex regulation of the LESP.
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PMID:Effect of regulatory polypeptides on the substance P stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in pigs. 241 11

Studies employing conditioned operant behavior of squirrel monkeys, rabbits and pigeons have demonstrated that the neuroactive peptides thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), substance P (SP) and neurotensin (NT) produce marked behavioral effects under a wide range of procedures. These compounds appear to be particularly active when given in combination with other drugs. The co-administration of TRH with chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and ethanol potentiates the effects of these agents on punished behavior. Under other conditions SP can reverse the effects of chlordiazepoxide, whereas NT enhances the effects of haloperidol. Neither TRH, SP nor NT are behaviorally active at doses that produced significant interactions. These results support the view that neuropeptides exert modulatory effects on various neurotransmitter systems. An understanding of peptide-drug interactions should contribute to the development of new compounds with enhanced psychopharmacological efficacy and minimal side effects.
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PMID:Neuropeptide modulation of the behavioral effects of drugs. 241 53

Substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and serotonin are putative neurotransmitters which have been proposed to co-exist in some brain neurons. Our previous immunocytochemical and biochemical studies have demonstrated that 85-100% of all serotonin neurons are destroyed following neonatal 5,7-dihydroxtryptamine (5,7-DHT) treatment. In this study, we have determined the effect of neonatal 5,7-DHT and desipramine (DMI) treatment on the biochemical content and immunocytochemical localization of substance P and TRH throughout the brain. Interestingly, we have observed that virtually all substance P- and TRH-immunoreactive cells in the ventral pons-medulla are destroyed by the neurotoxin. However, peptide-containing neurons in other regions were not affected. Additionally, we measured the peptide content and found that TRH is significantly decreased in the spinal cord (-50%) and pons-medulla (-20%), but not in other brain regions. Substance P content was not significantly altered in any region, even after a greater than 90% reduction of serotonin. These data indicate that the co-localized substance P and TRH forms a small proportion of the total peptide in brain.
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PMID:Early postnatal administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine: effects on substance P and thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons and terminals in rat brain. 241 13

The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) is a sexually dimorphic complex with three major subdivisions. The cell-dense central (MPNc) and medial (MPNm) subdivisions are larger in male rats, while the cell-sparse lateral subdivision (MPNl) occupies a majority of the nucleus in females. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of possible monoaminergic and peptidergic cells and fibers within the MPN, as well as in adjacent regions of the medial preoptic area of the adult male rat. For this, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24; ACTH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The results suggest that cell bodies and/or fibers crossreacting with all of these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed within the MPN. Within the MPNm, the densest plexuses of fibers were stained with antisera to SP and NPY, while moderate densities of fibers were stained with anti-DBH, SS, CCK, CGRP, ACTH, and alpha-MSH, and only a few fibers were stained with anti-5HT, TH, NT, VAS, and L-ENK. Moderate numbers of SP- and L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and a few SS-, NT-, CRF-, and TRH-stained cell bodies were also found within the MPNm. The MPNc contained a dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers, as well as a few CRF-immunoreactive fibers. Both fiber types were localized almost exclusively to this subdivision, while most of the others studied here appeared to avoid it selectively. This suggests that there are relatively few inputs to the MPNc, and that they tend to avoid other parts of the nucleus, although moderate densities of DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found in both the MPNm and MPNc. The MPNc contained several CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies as well as a moderate number of TRH-stained cell bodies. Both cell types were nearly completely localized to the MPNc. The major inputs to the MPNl studied here appear to be stained with antisera to 5HT and L-ENK, although moderate numbers of NT- and CRF- immunoreactive fibers were also found in this part of the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitter specificity of cells and fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat. 242 28

Projections from medullary thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) containing neurons to the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord were studied in the rat. Lesions of the ventral medullary reticular formation nuclei, nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis and nucleus interfascicularis hypoglossi, decreased the thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in the IML. The ventral horn and dorsal horn contents of TRH were also reduced in rats with nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis lesions. Coexistence of spinal cord TRH and serotonin was evaluated and quantified in 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-treated rats. Treatment with the serotonin neurotoxin reduced the TRH content of the IML by 45% and of the ventral horn by 92%. These data show that TRH containing neurons project from the ventral medulla to IML and that approximately one-half of these TRH neurons are also serotonergic. Comparisons of the effects of the same lesions on the substance P and TRH content of the IML show that neither the origin of the SP and TRH neuronal projections to the IML, nor their coexistence with serotonin, are identical.
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PMID:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons project from the ventral medulla to the intermediolateral cell column: partial coexistence with serotonin. 242 29

The effect of immobilization stress (IM-stress) on the concentration and the receptor binding of substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin (ME) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was determined in eight brain regions and the spinal cord. The concentration of SP was decreased in the septum, striatum and hippocampus, and SP receptor binding was decreased in the septum, amygdala + pyriform cortex and hypothalamus. Scatchard analysis indicated that the decrease in the SP binding is mainly due to the decrease in the number of receptors. The concentration of ME was not changed, but ME receptor binding was decreased in the septum. The concentration of TRH was decreased in the frontal cortex, septum, amygdala + pyriform cortex and pons + medulla oblongata, but increased in the spinal cord. TRH receptor binding was decreased in the septum, amygdala + pyriform cortex and hypothalamus. Scatchard analysis indicated that the decrease in TRH binding is due to the decrease in the number of receptors. These results show that IM-stress affects the neuropeptide receptor as well as neuropeptide concentration, and that the septum is a very important region under IM-stress.
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PMID:Effect of immobilization stress on neuropeptides and their receptors in rat central nervous system. 243 40

In a previous study (Watts et al., '87) we reexamined the projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) with the PHA-L method and found that they could be divided conveniently into six groups of fibers. By far the densest projection ends just dorsal to the SCh in a comma-shaped region designated the "subparaventricular zone," although some fibers continue on through the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to end in the overlying midline thalamus, and others continue on to end in the dorsomedial nucleus, the region around the ventromedial nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area. Other relatively sparse projections from the SCh were also described to the preoptic region, lateral septal nucleus, parataenial and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. In addition, the same method was used to show that the subparaventricular zone projects in turn massively to these same regions, as well as back to the SCh itself and to the periaqueductal gray. The present series of experiments was designed to confirm these observations with retrograde tracer injections and to investigate the cellular and possible neurotransmitter organization of the major projections from the SCh and subparaventricular zone with a combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemical method. For this, the distribution of neuronal cell bodies within the SCh that stain with antisera to vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), corticotropin-releasing factor, bombesin, substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and angiotensin II was described in detail first. Then the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons that were also stained for one or another of these peptides was described after injections of true blue, or in some cases SITS, into the regions of the subparaventricular zone, the paraventricular and parataenial nuclei of the thalamus, the ventromedial nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the periaqueductal gray. The results confirm previous immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing studies and in addition indicate that cells in dorsal as well as ventral parts of the SCh project to each of the terminal fields examined, as do many cells in surrounding areas, including the subparaventricular zone. Our results also suggest that, at the very least, vasopressin-, VIP-, and neurotensin-stained cells in the SCh project to the subparaventricular zone, midline thalamus, and dorsomedial nucleus, and that the vasopressin and VIP-stained fiber systems are partially segregated at the level of the subparaventricular zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat. 243 9


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