Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42

This study provides a detailed report of the distribution and density of substance P-like immunoreactive fibres and terminals within the human infant medulla. Seven brains with no signs of macroscopic alteration fixed usually within 24-48 h after death were used. Free floating transverse sections (50-60 microns) were then immunostained with a monoclonal antibody against substance P using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Morphologically three types of substance P-like immunoreactive fibres were observed: those with small varicosities of less than 1 micron, those with medium varicosities of 1-2 microns and those with large varicosities of 2-4 microns. Very dense substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the spinal trigeminal nucleus, parts of the gracile and cuneate fasciculi and the paracommissural subnucleus of the solitary nucleus; dense substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, commissural, medial, dorsal, dorsolateral ventral and ventrolateral subnuclei of the solitary nuclear complex, parasolitary nucleus, raphe obscurus, inferior olivary complex (medial, dorsal, dorsomedial nuclei) and ventrolateral part of the dorsal reticular nucleus; moderate substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the gelatinosus nucleus of the solitary tract, lateral reticular nucleus proper, intermediate reticular zone and parvocellular reticular nucleus; sparse substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the hypoglossal nucleus, retroambigual nucleus and much of the reticular formation (dorsal, parvocellular, ventral gigantocellular, dorsal paragigantocellular nuclei): and very sparse substance P-like immunoreactivity was present within the nucleus ambiguus, medial vestibular nucleus and parts of the reticular formation (ventral, medial, gigantocellular, ventral gigantocellular, dorsal paragigantocellular nuclei). Substance P-like immunoreactivity was absent in the area postrema, intercalated nucleus, gracile and cuneate nuclei, in the epiolivary, subtrigeminal and parvocellular divisions of the lateral reticular nucleus, spinal vestibular nucleus, and in the solitary and pyramidal tracts. In several regions the substance P-like immunoreactive fibres formed distinct pericellular arrays around the somata and dendrites of neurons (hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, retroambigual nucleus, intermediate reticular zone). The results indicate the high specificity of the localization of substance P in various structures of the brainstem and underline the presumed significance of this peptide in autonomic and sensorimotor functions of the brain.
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PMID:Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive fibres and terminals in the medulla oblongata of the human infant. 169 63

The effect of streptozocin diabetes on the distribution of adrenergic and peptidergic nerves in the submucous plexus of rat ileum was investigated and compared with the changes in the myenteric plexus of the same region of ileum. There was an increase in the intensity of immunoreactivity in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerve fibers and neurons and a decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity but no change in substance P- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in the nerve fibers and neurons of the submucous plexus of both 8- and 16-wk streptozocin-diabetic rat ileum. However, in the myenteric plexus of the diabetic rat ileum, there was enlargement of varicosities and an increase followed by a slight decrease in the intensity of immunoreactivity of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactive nerve fibers and neurons, increased substance P-like immunoreactivity in diabetes at 16 wk, and an initial decrease (at 8 wk) followed by a recovery of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity at 16 wk, but no change in neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. The markedly different changes in peptidergic and adrenergic nerves between the two enteric plexuses show that diabetic neuropathy induced by streptozocin is not selective and involves factors other than neurotransmitter types.
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PMID:Changes in adrenergic and peptidergic nerves in the submucous plexus of streptozocin-diabetic rat ileum. 169 44

The pars distalis of the anterior pituitary is known to be regulated by hypothalamic hormones. Recently, we have discovered the presence of substance P-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the pars distalis of the monkeys. Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the pars distalis of the dog was investigated in this study. A substantial amount of substance P-like immunoreactive nerve fibers with a large amount of varicosities were found. They were widely distributed in the gland, more abundant along its periphery. Most of them were closely related to the glandular tissue, some were located on vascular walls. Substance P-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were also found in the meningeal sheath of the anterior pituitary. They could be followed into the parenchyma of the gland.
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PMID:Substance P-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary in the dog. 169 23

The terminal projections of the descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) bulbospinal pathway and the coexistence among 5-HT-, substance P (SP)-, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-like immunoreactivities (LI) in fibers innervating the L7 segment in the cat spinal cord were studied quantitatively and semiquantitatively by use of the indirect double-staining immunofluorescence technique. The content of 5-HT, SP, and TRH in different parts of the spinal cord was determined by use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) (SP and TRH) and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) (5-HT). For all three substances studied, immunoreactive (IR) axon terminals were found in all parts of the gray matter, but with clear regional variation in the density of innervation. Thus, all three substances showed a dense innervation in the motor nucleus, particularly in the ventral part of the nucleus, while the superficial dorsal horn was very densely innervated by SP-IR fibers (laminae I and II) and TRH-IR fibers (laminae II and III). In the motor nucleus, the studied substances coexisted to a very high degree, but some 5-HT-IR fibers (about 10%) lacked peptide-LI and some SP-IR fibers (about 10%) lacked 5-HT-LI while virtually all TRH-IR fibers also contained 5-HT-LI. In the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I-III), no coexistence was detected, while other parts of the gray matter displayed various degrees of coexistence in between those found in the motor nucleus and laminae I-III. The quantitative analysis of IR varicosities in the motor nucleus suggested that the unilateral L7 motor nucleus is innervated by about 55-110 x 10(6) 5-HT-IR nerve terminals, which may indicate as many as 4,000 boutons per descending 5-HT cell body in the brain stem only with this restricted projection. When combing these results with the biochemical data, it could be calculated that the concentration of 5-HT in IR varicosities is about 3-6 x 10(-3) M, while the corresponding figures for SP and TRH was 0.3-0.5 x 10(-3) M and 0.1-0.2 x 10(-3) M, respectively. In cats subjected to spinal cord transection at the lower thoracic level, all 5-HT-IR fibers in the L7 segment had disappeared 44 days after the lesion, indicating a strict suprasegmental origin of 5-HT-IR fibers in this segment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:5-Hydroxytryptamine, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the adult cat spinal cord segment L7: immunohistochemical and chemical studies. 170 Apr 85

The presence of several neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), enkephalin (ENK), somatostatin (SOM) was established in the early pregnant human cervix using indirect immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry. Several peptides (VIP, NPY, CGRP, GAL) were present both in free nerves among smooth muscle cells and around blood vessels. Others (SP, SOM) were only seen as single varicosities among smooth muscle cells. Randomized treatment of patients with RU 486 (mifepristone) prior to surgical sampling revealed no clearcut differences in peptide immunoreactivities. After RU 486 treatment, however, there was a tendency towards a decrease of NPY- and VIP-immunoreactivity, and an increase of CGRP-immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Peptide-containing nerves in the human pregnant uterine cervix: an immunohistochemical study exploring the effect of RU 486 (mifepristone). 170 49

Isolated myenteric nerve varicosities prepared from the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum were investigated as a suitable model system with which to study the release of several neuropeptide-like immunoreactivities (-LI). Basal release of substance P-LI, neurokinin A-LI, Leu-enkephalin-LI and Met-enkephalin-LI was determined, and clear depolarization-induced release of the enkephalin-LI's and neurokinin A-LI was obtained using this preparation, providing further support for their roles as putative mediators in the enteric nervous system. Evoked-release of these peptides was dependent on the presence in the incubation mixture of certain antagonists to known endogenous neuronal mediators. In the absence of such antagonists, no unequivocal evidence of release was seen. Clear evoked release of Leu-enkephalin-LI occurred only in the presence of the adenosine receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX), atropine and naloxone. Release of Met-enkephalin-LI occurred in the presence of either atropine or naloxone. The release of neurokinin A-LI was evident in the presence of DPSPX. These findings suggest the existence of either distinct subpopulations of nerve varicosities or distinct neuronal pools containing each peptide and that these peptides may be under differential regulation by endogenous inhibitory mediators. It is concluded that, under suitable conditions, isolated myenteric nerve varicosities provide a useful model system for the study of release, and the modulation of release, of endogenous neuropeptides.
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PMID:Neuropeptide release from isolated myenteric nerve endings derived from the guinea pig myenteric plexus. 170 15

The somata of primary sensory neurons have been shown to contain up to four (and possibly more) neuroactive peptides. Although each of these peptides has been separately located in axon terminals within the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord, it is not clear whether multiple peptide coexistence is also a feature of terminal varicosities. The aim of this study was to determine whether the peptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which are colocalized in the somata of a large number of primary sensory neurons, coexist in the central terminals of these neurons in the spinal cord. The protein A-gold technique of antigen localization was used to screen single boutons in laminae I and II of the rats spinal cord for SP- and CGRP-like immunoreactivity at the ultrastructural level. The results show that SP and CGRP are colocalized within a large number of synaptic boutons in the superficial dorsal horn. Furthermore, evidence was obtained to suggest that both SP and CGRP may be found in the same synaptic vesicle within these boutons. These findings indicate that both SP and CGRP may be coreleased from single terminals in the superficial dorsal horn. This is of considerable interest in view of the reported interaction between SP and CGRP in nociceptive behavioral responses in the rat.
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PMID:Peptide coexistence in axon terminals within the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. 170 55

The finding that certain cells of the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord contain both substance P (SP)- and enkephalin (ENK)-like immunoreactive material offers new insights into the mechanisms of action of these peptides in the processing of nociceptive sensory information. The simultaneous detection of these immunoreactivities was obtained in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord at the ultrastructural level using monoclonal antibodies. An internally radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (against SP or ENK) was used to recognize one antigenic site, while the other antigenic site was identified by either a bispecific monoclonal antibody (for SP) or a monoclonal antibody (for ENK). The bispecific anti-SP antibody recognized HRP, whereas a secondary bispecific antibody recognized both the IgG of the anti-ENK monoclonal antibody and HRP. In laminae I-III, SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) and ENK-like immunoreactivity (ENK-LI) were colocalized in a significant number of axonal varicosities, which contained round or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles. Such double-labeled varicosities, however, were not found to be components of synaptic glomeruli. Most of the immunostained boutons of lamina I were SP-like immunoreactive only. In rats pretreated with colchicine, SP-LI and ENK-LI were colocalized in small perikarya of lamina II and in some lamina I cells. These findings indicate that SP and ENK occur in a significant population of interneurons of the superficial dorsal horn. It is suggested that some of these neurons may correspond to stalked cells and release one or the other substance depending on physiological conditions.
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PMID:Substance P- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities are colocalized in certain neurons of the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord: an ultrastructural double-labeling study. 170 94

Anatomical and pharmacological evidence suggests a role for substance P (SP) in the control of vasopressin secretion, but the origins of SP-immunoreactive (IR) projections to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus have not yet been identified. Combined axonal transport, immunohistochemical, and ablation approaches were used to characterize the organization of SP-IR projections to the PVH. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) SP-IR projections are broadly and prominently distributed throughout the SO and both the magnocellular and parvicellular divisions of the PVH. The distribution within the PVH is quite uniform. (2) Combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical analyses identified multiple potential sources of SP-IR inputs to the PVH. These included a number of hypothalamic cell groups, the laterodorsal and peduculopontine tegmental nuclei, and the rostral and caudal aspects of the ventrolateral medulla. Portions of the tegmental and medullary SP-IR neurons that were retrogradely labelled following tracer deposits in the PVH also stained positively for choline acetyltransferase or tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively. (3) To evaluate the distribution and prominence of medullary SP-IR projections to the PVH and SO, staining for SP and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes was carried out in animals that had previously received knife cuts at the level of the pontomedullary border. Pronounced, and roughly parallel decrements in staining for peptide and amines were seen in the magnocellular division of the PVH and in the SO; less marked reductions in SP-IR varicosities are in a position to influence multiple visceral regulatory cell types in the PVH and SO. Inputs to the magnocellular neurosecretory system arise in large measure from medullary neurons in which SP coexists with catecholamines. SP-IR projections to the parvicellular division of the PVH appear to originate from a number of sources.
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PMID:Distribution and origins of substance P-immunoreactive projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: partial overlap with ascending catecholaminergic projections. 170 81


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