Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of substance P and the selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (+/-)-CP-96,345 have been compared on in vitro spinal cord preparations from the rat and the gerbil. Substance P produced a concentration-dependent depolarization of motoneurons recorded from ventral roots of both species. The EC50 values (microM mean +/- S.E.M.) obtained in rat (0.95 + 1.0/-0.49) and gerbil (0.47 + 0.26/-0.17) preparations were comparable. The mean maximal depolarization (mV mean +/- S.E.M.) evoked in rat (2.07 + 0.26/-0.25) was approximately two-fold greater than that evoked in gerbil (1.21 + 0.15/-0.14) preparations. In the rat substance P had a biphasic effect (depression followed by potentiation) on the short latency probably monosynaptic reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of a dorsal root. In gerbil preparations substance P produced only potentiation of the monosynaptic reflex. The EC50 values (microM) mean +/- S.E.M.) for this potentiating action in rat (0.97 + 0.75/-0.43) and gerbil (0.46 + 3.6/-0.4) preparations were similar. This potentiation demonstrates a positive modulation of an endogenous excitatory probably glutamatergic transmission by substance P in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The depressant phase observed in rat preparations may be related to the relative immaturity of myelination in rat ventral root fibres compared to the gerbil. The selective neurokinin-1 antagonist (+/-)-CP-96,345 was one hundred-fold less potent as an antagonist of substance P-induced depolarizations in the rat (pA2 4.69 +/- 0.18, n = 7) than in the gerbil (pA2 6.79 +/- 0.16, n = 5) spinal cord. This finding suggests that (+/-)-CP-96,345 may not act solely at the neurokinin-1 recognition site. In conclusion this study demonstrates that substance P modulates the monosynaptic reflex in the spinal cord presumably via activation of neurokinin-1 receptors.
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PMID:The modulation of the monosynaptic reflex by substance P in the hemisected spinal cord preparation of the rat and gerbil. 769 48

The density and distribution of nerve fibres immunoreactive to antisera for PGP 9.5 (general neuronal marker), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) (markers for sensory neurons), as well as neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (markers for autonomic fibres), were examined in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of late gestation fetal sheep. This work formed part of a project investigating the influence of age and osteoarthritis on the innervation of the TMJ, and was undertaken to determine whether the innervation of the joint at 140 d gestation (17 d before birth) differed from that in the mature adult. Immunofluorescence microscopy was applied to serial sections of the capsule, disc and synovial membrane of 10 joints from 5 fetuses and image analysis was used for the quantitative assessment. The capsule, synovial membrane and the disc contained fibres immunoreactive (IR) to antisera for PGP 9.5, SP and CGRP. NPY-IR fibres were only visible in the loose connective tissue of the capsule. No VIP- or TH-IR nerve fibres were detected in the fetal TMJ. There was no statistically detectable difference between the density of nerve fibres immunoreactive to CGRP or PGP 9.5 antisera in the capsule or disc. Substance P-immunoreactivity (IR) was relatively weak in all samples examined. Scattered branches of CGRP-IR fibres were found deep in the disc proper. The lack of receptor endings, other than free nerve endings in the TMJ of the late fetal sheep, might be a reflection of the functional and anatomical immaturity of the TMJ, as reflected in the immature, gross and microscopic appearance of the disc, the inferior joint compartment and articular surface of the condyle at this stage. These results demonstrate that the capsule, synovial membrane and disc in the TMJ of fetal sheep at 140 d gestation age are innervated with sensory fibres, while autonomic fibres are located in the capsule only. The findings also support the view that the disc is innervated at an early stage of life but at a later stage the density of innervation in the central part of the disc regresses and the innervation remains only peripherally in the adult TMJ disc. Further work is required to determine (1) at what stage sympathetic fibres innervate the disc and the synovium, and (2) when the mechanoreceptive nerve endings develop.
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PMID:Distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in nerve fibres in the temporomandibular joint of late gestation fetal sheep. 930

We characterized the ontogeny of NK-1 receptor agonist affinity (Kd) and density (Bmax) in membranes from tracheal epithelium, smooth muscle, and lung of pigs aged 1-7 days, 8-21 days, and adult in comparison to contractile responses in vitro. Affinity of [125I] Bolton-Hunter substance P ([125I]BH-SP) in epithelium and smooth muscle was three- to fourfold lower in young piglets than in adults. The Bmax of NK-1 sites in epithelium was elevated by more than twofold at 8-21 days relative to 1-7 days piglets and adults. In the lung, NK-1 density as well as affinity was lower than in trachea, regardless of age. In all three groups, [125I]BH-SP binding was potently inhibited by Gpp(NH)p, in both trachea and lung, implying coupling to G-proteins. Inhibition by Gpp(NH)p was most potent in the adult relative to younger animals, in both tracheal epithelium and smooth muscle. Functional sensitivity to the NK-1 agonists substance P and septide was reduced in neonates, as shown by the higher concentration of agonist required to elicit contractile responses. We conclude that the reduced sensitivity of newborn piglet airways to substance P reflects immaturity of G-protein coupling to NK-1, independent of receptor density.
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PMID:Ontogeny of neurokinin-1 receptors in the porcine respiratory system. 1061 51

Developmental studies on neurotransmitters and their receptors in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants and controls are reviewed, including comparison between the prone and supine positions at death. In SIDS infants, there are an increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in the brainstem, an increase of substance P (SP) in the medulla and pons, a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), and vagal nuclei in the medulla oblongata and basal ganglia, a decrease of tryptophan hydroxylase (TrH)-positive serotonergic neurons in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and decreases of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) and 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivities in the VLM and vagal nuclei in the medulla oblongata. These findings may be the result of chronic or repeated hypoxia and at the same time suggest hypofunction or immaturity of cardiorespiratory regulation. In contrast, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor immunoreactivities are increased in the PAG of SIDS infants. These increased immunoreactivities may reflect delayed neuronal maturation or a developmental abnormality of the nocicetive reaction of cardiorespiratory and arousal control in SIDS. Also, there are no differences of brainstem gliosis and catecholaminergic neuron changes between the prone and supine positions. Therefore, these changes may be predisposing factors for SIDS.
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PMID:Developmental neurotransmitter pathology in the brainstem of sudden infant death syndrome: a review and sleep position. 1235 Mar 1

This study aimed to assess physicochemical and microbiological properties of fresh spent mushroom substrates (SMSs)--without post-crop heat treatment--from Agaricus subrufescens and Lentinula edodes production to optimize the use of these residues in the soil enrichment for lettuce growth promotion and soil remediation. Organic matter and C content of both SMSs were high. Fresh A. subrufescens SMS was a good source of N, P and K. On the other hand, L. edodes SMS presented a lower concentration of these nutrients and a high level of immaturity. Both SMSs presented high electric conductivity values (2.5-3.4 mS/cm). Microbiological analysis, based upon enumeration of culturable bacteria (thermophilic and mesophilic) and fungi, and also evolution of CO(2), showed that SMSs played higher microbial diversity than soil control. Laccase activity from A. subrufescens SMS tended to remain constant during a 2-month period, while L. edodes SMS presented low laccase activity throughout the same period. Agaricus subrufescens and L. edodes were able to grow on a PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) media supplemented with different concentrations of atrazine (1-50 microg/ml), degraded the herbicide, attaining rates of 35% and 26%, respectively. On experiments of lettuce growth promotion using a soil-based potting media with different SMS rates, 5% and 10% (dw) rates of A. subrufescens SMS resulted in higher lettuce aerial dry weights than the rates of 25% and 40%, the chemical fertilization (NPK) and the control (soil). At 10% supplementation, lettuce aerial dry weight increased 2.2 and 1.3 times compared to the control and the NPK treatment, respectively. Protein content increased along with SMS rates. Fresh A. subrufescens SMS was an excellent supplement for lettuce growth promotion and showed potential for remediation of biocides possibly due to improved microbial diversity and enzymatic activity. Fresh L. edodes SMS was not a good fertilizer, at least under the conditions tested. However, microbiological analysis showed that promising results may be achieved when using fresh L. edodes SMS for soil remediation.
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PMID:Use of spent mushroom substrates from Agaricus subrufescens (syn. A. blazei, A. brasiliensis) and Lentinula edodes productions in the enrichment of a soil-based potting media for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation: Growth promotion and soil bioremediation. 1946 93

Sudden demise of a healthy fetus or a neonate is a very tragic episode in the life of parents. These deaths have been a mystery since ages but still remain unexplained. This review proposes the involvement of trigeminal nerve, neurotransmitter substance P (SP), and its receptor neurokinin 1 (NK-1R) in regulation of cardiorespiratory control in fetuses and newborns. Anomalies and immaturity of neuroregulatory systems such as trigeminal system in medulla oblongata of brainstem may provide a possible mechanism of sudden perinatal deaths. Vulnerable infants are born with respiratory center immaturity which in combination with any stressor such as cold, hypoxia, and smoking may lead to cessation of breathing and ventilatory response. SP/NK-1R may be involved in regulating the ventilatory control in neonates while it is decreased in fetal and adult life in humans, and any alterations from these may lead to irreversible sleep apnea and fatal breathing, ultimately sudden death. This review summarizes the studies performed to highlight the expression of SP or NK-1R in sudden perinatal deaths and proposes the involvement of trigeminal ganglion along with its nerve and SP/NK-1R expression alteration as one of the possible pathophysiological underlying mechanism. However, further studies are required to explore the role of SP, NK-1R, and trigeminal system in the pathogenesis of sudden infant deaths, sudden intrauterine deaths, stillbirths, and sudden deaths later in human life.
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PMID:Substance P/Neurokinin 1 and Trigeminal System: A Possible Link to the Pathogenesis in Sudden Perinatal Deaths. 2834 44