Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A number of neuroactive peptides including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, neurokinin B, opioids, somatostatin (SRIF), galanin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have been localized in adult rat spinal cord and are considered to participate either directly and/or indirectly in the processing of sensory, motor and autonomic functions. Most of these peptides appear early during development, leading to the suggestion that peptides, in addition to their neurotransmitter/neuromodulator roles, may possibly be involved in the normal growth and maturation of the spinal cord. To provide an anatomical substrate for a better understanding of the possible roles of peptides in the ontogenic development of the cord, we investigated the topographical profile as well as variation in densities of [125I]hCGRP alpha, [125I]substance P/neurokinin-1 (NK-1), [125I]eledoisin/neurokinin-3 (NK-3), [125I]FK 33-824 ([D-Ala2, Me-Phe4, Met(O)ol5]enkephalin)/mu-opioid, [125I]galanin, [125I]T0D8-SRIF14 (an analog of somatostatin); [125I]neurotensin and [125I]VIP binding sites in postnatal and adult rat spinal cord using in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiography. Receptor binding sites recognized by each radioligand are found to be distributed widely during early stages of postnatal development and then to undergo selective modification to attain their adult profile of distribution during the third week of postnatal development. The apparent density of various receptor sites, however, are differently regulated depending on the lamina and the stage of development studied. For example, the density of mu-opioid binding sites, following a peak at postnatal day 4 (P4), declines gradually in almost all regions of the spinal cord with the increasing age of the animal. [125I]substance P/NK-1 binding sites, on the other hand, show very little variation until P14 and then subsequently decrease as the development proceeds. In the adult rat, most of these peptide receptor binding sites are localized in relatively high amounts in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. To varying extents, moderate to low density of various peptide receptor binding sites are also found to be present in the ventral horn, intermediolateral cell column and around the central canal. Taken together, these results suggest that each receptor-ligand system is regulated differently during development and may each uniquely be involved in cellular growth, differentiation and in maturation of the normal neural circuits of the spinal cord. Furthermore, the selective localization of various receptor binding sites in adult rat spinal cord over a wide variety of functionally distinct regions reinforces the neurotransmitter/modulator roles of these peptides in sensory, motor and autonomic functions associated with the spinal cord.
 ...
PMID:Neuropeptide receptors in developing and adult rat spinal cord: an in vitro quantitative autoradiography study of calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurokinins, mu-opioid, galanin, somatostatin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors. 778 2

The first appearance of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL), leucine-enkephalin (1-ENK), and methionine-enkephalin (m-ENK) in the male mouse submandibular glands were different for each. VIP immunoreactive fibers first appeared on embryonic day 15 (E15), SP on E16, and CGRP fibers on E18. GAL, 1-ENK, and m-ENK fibers appeared in the early postnatal period, and NPY fibers occurred on postnatal day 21 (P21). From P0 to P21, VIP fibers rapidly increased in number, but SP and CGRP fibers increased only slightly. After P21, VIP, SP, and CGRP fibers decreased in number. ENK fibers were found only from P0 to P14. The number of these immunoreactive fibers in the adult phase was low in comparison with that in early postnatal phase. Around the blood vessels, SP, VIP, CGRP, NPY, and GAL fibers appeared by at least P7. These findings suggested that the transient high activity of VIP, CGRP, SP, and GAL and the transient appearance of ENKs in the nerve fibers may be related to the cell proliferation and differentiation of the functionally important structures of the mouse submandibular glands, and that the peptidergic innervation around the vasculature is probably involved in controlling local glandular circulation.
 ...
PMID:Ontogeny of the peptidergic fibers in the male mouse submandibular gland. 887 84

Caldendrin is a novel calcium-binding protein confined to the somatodendritic compartment of neurons. Here we have studied the expression pattern of caldendrin in the rat retina. First we assessed the distribution of caldendrin transcripts in the adult and developing retina by in situ hybridization. In the adult retina, transcripts are expressed mainly in the inner half of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and to a lesser extent in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). During development labeling of the inner part of the cytoblast layer, where amacrine cells reside, is already present at postnatal day 1 (P1). The intensity of hybridization signal in this sublamina of the developing INL increases up to P8, whereas significant labeling in the GCL was first found at P14, coinciding with eye opening. Immunodetection with a polyclonal antibody revealed intensive staining of cells in the inner retina, which are presumably mainly amacrine and significantly fewer bipolar and ganglion cells. All parvalbumin-containing All amacrines were immunopositive for caldendrin. Colocalization with calbindin was found in cone bipolar cells, the majority of AII amacrines, and calbindin-positive cells in the GCL. In the GCL, caldendrin was also colocalized with calretinin-immunopositive cells. Most caldendrin-positive amacrine cells in the adult rat retina were glycinergic and only a few were GABAergic. In retinal flat mounts, it was confirmed that less than 10% of retrogradely labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGC) are caldendrin-positive. Caldendrin immunoreactivity does not colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase, VIP, substance P and somatostatin immunoreactivity. In summary, caldendrin expression is regulated differentially in retinal cell types during development and is restricted to a subpopulation of amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells, suggesting specific functions in the developing and mature retina.
 ...
PMID:The cytoskeleton-associated neuronal calcium-binding protein caldendrin is expressed in a subset of amacrine, bipolar and ganglion cells of the rat retina. 1055 36

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a central circadian oscillator of mammals, contains various peptides arranged in the compartment specific manner. In the present study, we examined a distinct population of neurons in the central part of the SCN. In situ hybridization histochemistry has demonstrated that these neurons coexpressed both preprosomatostatin (PPSS) and preprotachykinin A (PPT-A) mRNAs, but the developmental expression profiles were different among two. PPSS mRNA first appeared in the SCN at postnatal day 1(P1). The intensity and number of PPSS mRNA signals increased and peaked at P7-P14 and gradually decreased as to adult age (P56). However, PPT-A mRNA-positive appeared late at P7, and gradually increased up to P56. These findings suggest that neurons encoding both the PPSS and PPTA genes first express PPSS and then express PPT-A at a later stage of maturation.
 ...
PMID:Different developmental profiles of the expression of preprosomatostatin and preprotachykinin-A mRNAs in rat SCN neurons. 1128 68

There is little evidence that neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) participate in the regulation of tooth development. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of their respective receptors, neurokinin (NK) 1 and CGRP1 receptor, in postnatal developing rat molars and supporting tissues, thereby localizing the target areas for neuropeptide activity. Mol:WIST rats were killed at 7, 14 and 21 d after birth and upper and lower jaws were processed for immunohistochemistry. At early crown stage (P7), only a few individual cells in the dental follicle were receptor positive. At the onset of root formation (P14), post-secretory ameloblasts, cells in the stratum intermedium, the reduced enamel epithelium and the developing alveolar bone demonstrated both NK1 and CGRP1 receptor immunoreactivity. The CGRP1 receptor sites were occasionally evident on cells in the odontoblast layer. At advanced root development (P21), neuropeptide receptor expression was evident on cells close to the developing dentin, cementum and alveolar bone. These data demonstrate dynamic changes in the localization of NK1 and CGRP1 receptors in developing rat dental tissues and indicate an active role for their ligands in the regulation of crown and root development.
 ...
PMID:CGRP1 and NK1 receptors in postnatal, developing rat dental tissues. 1463 86

The aims of this study were to determine (i) whether striatal neuropeptides (dynorphin, enkephalin 1, substance P, cholecystokinin) and dopamine receptors 1 and 2 (D1r and D2r) are regulated by the molecular clock; and (ii) when their oscillations start after birth. Twenty-four-hour mRNA oscillations of these genes were evaluated in the mouse striatum at early postnatal stage (postnatal day 3), preweaning stage (postnatal day 14), and adult (postnatal day 60). At P3, no daily oscillations were observed. A significant time effect was present for D2r, dynorphin, and enkephalin 1 at P14, and for all genes except D1r, at P60. In conclusion, circadian expression of these neurotransmitter-related genes develops in the mouse striatum after birth gradually.
 ...
PMID:Oscillation development for neurotransmitter-related genes in the mouse striatum. 2000 62

Although Substance P (SP) acts primarily through neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors to increase the excitability of virtually all motoneurons (MNs) tested, the ontogeny of this transmitter system is not known for any MN pool. Hypoglossal (XII) MNs innervate tongue protruder muscles and participate in several behaviors that must be functional from birth including swallowing, suckling and breathing. We used immunohistochemistry, Western immunoblotting, and whole cell recording of XII MNs in brain stem slices from rats ranging in age from postnatal day zero (P0) to P23 to explore developmental changes in: NK1 receptor expression; currents evoked by SP(NK1) (an NK1-selective SP receptor agonist) and; the efficacy of transduction pathways transforming ligand binding into channel modulation. Despite developmental reductions in XII MN NK1 receptor expression, SP(NK1) current density remained constant at 6.1 +/- 1.0 (SE) pA/pF. SP(NK1) activated at least two conductances. Activation of a pH-insensitive Na(+) conductance dominated in neonates (P0-P5), but its contribution fell from approximately 80 to approximately 55% in juveniles (P14-P23). SP(NK1) also inhibited a pH-sensitive, two-pore domain K(+) (TASK)-like K(+) current. Its contribution increased developmentally. First, the density of this pH-sensitive K(+) current doubled between P0 and P23. Second, SP(NK1) did not affect this current in neonates, but reduced it by 20% at P7-P10 and 80% in juveniles. In addition, potentiation of repetitive firing was greatest in juveniles. These data establish that despite apparent reductions in NK1 receptor density, SP remains an important modulator of XII MN excitability throughout postnatal development due, in part, to increased expression of a pH-sensitive, TASK-like conductance.
 ...
PMID:Substance P modulation of hypoglossal motoneuron excitability during development: changing balance between conductances. 2053 79

In this study, we investigated whether the proangiogenic neuropeptides secretoneurin (SN), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) contribute to the development of abnormal neovascularization in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model in mice. By exposing litters of C57Bl/6N mice to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) until postnatal day 11 (P11) and then returning them to normoxic conditions, retinal ischemia and subsequent neovascularization on the retinal surface were induced. Retinae were dissected on P9, P11, P12-P14, P16 and P20, and the concentrations of SN, SP, NPY and VEGF determined by radioimmunoassay or ELISA. The levels of SN and SP increased in controls from P9 until P16 and from P9 until P14, respectively, whereas the levels of NPY were high at P9 and decreased thereafter until P20, suggesting that NPY may participate in the development of the retina. However, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and the NPY-Y2 receptor were not detectable in the immature retina indicating that NPY is not involved in the physiological vascularization in the retina. Compared to controls, OIR had no effect on the levels of SN, whereas levels of both SP and NPY slightly decreased during hyperoxia. Normalization of the levels of SP, and to a more pronounced extent of NPY, was significantly delayed during relative hypoxia. This clearly indicates that these three neuropeptides are not involved in the pathogenesis of neovascularization in OIR. Moreover, since there were no differences in the expression of two vessel markers in the retina of NPY knockout mice versus controls at P14, NPY is also not involved in the delayed development of the intermediate and deep vascular plexus in the retina in this animal model.
 ...
PMID:Secretoneurin, substance P and neuropeptide Y in the oxygen-induced retinopathy in C57Bl/6N mice. 2288 36