Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Radioimmunoassays based on antisera raised against the tachykinins eledoisin (antiserum E7) and kassinin (antiserum K12) were used to measure the concentration of tachykinin-like immunoreactivity (TKLI) in plasma from 52 healthy subjects. 65 patients with carcinoid tumors (of which 46 had symptoms of both flushing and diarrhoea), and 6 patients with endocrine pancreatic tumors. The antisera did not crossreact with substance P (SP). Elevated concentrations of TKLI, as compared with healthy subjects, were found in 75% of the carcinoid patients, but in none of the patients with pancreatic tumors. Tumor metastases from 8 of the carcinoid patients all contained TKLI. Ion-exchange chromatography of plasma samples and tumor tissue extracts indicated the presence of several immunoreactive molecular forms. The elution patterns of the immunoreactivity detected by antisera E7 and K12 were similar, indicating that the same molecular species are measured by these antisera. None of the components coeluted with synthetic SP. One of the immunoreactive components in carcinoid tumor extracts coeluted with synthetic NKA. The major immunoreactive components in plasma from the patients eluted in a position different from that of all currently known mammalian tachykinins. Tachykinin immunoreactive material detected in tumor tissue and plasma of patients with carcinoid tumor may play a role in the symptomatology of the carcinoid syndrome.
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PMID:Antisera raised against eledoisin and kassinin detect elevated levels of immunoreactive material in plasma and tumor tissues from patients with carcinoid tumors. 608 59

Eighty-one primary ovarian carcinoids and intraovarian metastases from six mid-gut carcinoids were examined for the presence of tumor cells immunoreactive with antisera raised against various neurohormonal peptides, mostly of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) origin. Twenty of the primary and two of the metastatic carcinoids contained such tumor cells. The incidence of tumors with any kind of neurohormonal peptide immunoreactive tumor cells was 53% in the trabecular carcinoids, and 42% in the strumal carcinoids, whereas the incidence was much lower (7%) in the insular type. Immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon, enkephalin, and somatostatin were those neurohormonal peptides most commonly observed in the tumor cells of the primary carcinoids. Those less commonly found were substance P, calcitonin, VIP, neurotensin, beta-endorphin, and ACTH. Four metastatic carcinoids were nonreactive with all the antisera used. Cells storing immunoreactive insulin, glucagon, PP, VIP, gastrin, substance P, or enkephalin were found in one of the two remaining metastatic carcinoids; in the other only gastrin-immunoreactive tumor cells were observed. The occurrence and distribution of tumor cells storing the neurohormonal peptides in ovarian carcinoids are discussed in relation to their possible origin in the ovary and to carcinoids in the gut.
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PMID:Neurohormonal peptides in ovarian carcinoids: an immunohistochemical study of 81 primary carcinoids and of intraovarian metastases from six mid-gut carcinoids. 611 50

Four cases of esophageal carcinoma arising in metaplastic Barrett's epithelium are presented in which multidirectional differentiation was demonstrated by light and/or electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. All tumors and adjacent mucosa produced both neutral and acidic mucins, as well as one or more hormones indigenous to the gut, including gastrin, bombesin, substance P, somatostatin, and serotonin. Gastrin and somatostatin were the peptides most frequently identified in the tumors, while somatostatin and serotonin predominated in Barrett's epithelium. Ultrastructurally, neurosecretory-type granules, 80-250 nm in diameter, were present in 2 cases; squamous features also were present in one of these cases. One patient displayed hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, which disappeared after the tumor was resected. These cases represent the majority of the Barrett-associated carcinomas in our material. Compared to the "pure" esophageal adenocarcinomas not included in this report, these tumors behaved more aggressively, with wider local involvement and nodal and systemic metastases at the time of presentation. The incidence of multidifferentiation in esophageal carcinomas is not known nor is its possible significance, particularly with regard to tumors arising in metaplastic epithelium. This group may merit further study to detect true differences, if any, between these esophageal carcinomas and their apparently more common counterparts.
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PMID:Carcinoma with multidirectional differentiation arising in Barrett's esophagus. 613 8

A high content of substance P (124 ng/g wet tissue) was demonstrated by radioimmunoassay in lymph node metastases in a patient with bilateral ovarian carcinoid tumours. The plasma substance P level was elevated but urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was low. It is suggested that, in some carcinoid patients, an elevated plasma substance P level may help diagnosis and follow-up when urinary 5-HIAA is normal.
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PMID:Substance P in ovarian carcinoid. 615 65

A 55-year-old woman with an ovarian carcinoid presented with intermittent facial and cervical flushing for 10 years, watery diarrhea for 4 years, and abdominal pain without hepatomegaly. Markedly elevated systemic venous and arterial serotonin levels (830 ng/ml; nl = 50-200 ng/ml) were found. The highest serotonin levels were observed in the superior vena caval system, but serotonin as a marker for tumor localization was inaccurate and led to an unproductive neck exploration. The histological pattern of this tumor contained purely insular elements. No hepatic or nodal metastases were identified and the lesion was unilateral. Substance P levels were elevated in the venous drainage of the left ovary and in retrospect correctly localized the ovarian tumor. This peptide may prove to be another carcinoid tumor marker in addition to serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Substance P may also be an important mediator of symptoms in patients with carcinoid syndrome.
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PMID:Substance P in the localization of a carcinoid tumor. 620 86

Twenty-five strictly defined bronchopulmonary carcinoids were studied by light microscopic immunohistochemistry by the peroxidase technique for NSE (neuron-specific enolase), serotonin, and a broad spectrum of neuropeptides. Eighteen cases were also studied by electron microscopy. Twenty-three of the twenty-five cases showed immunostaining for NSE; 24 cases displayed immunostaining for at least two of the hormones tested for; the single case that failed to show hormonal immuno-reactivity was however positive for NSE and had granules by electron microscopy. Serotonin was the most frequently demonstrated hormone followed by bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin, leu-enkephalin , alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, somatostatin, substance P, and calcitonin. In several cases, adjacent-step sections stained for different hormones strongly indicated immunoreactivity for more than one hormone in single neoplastic cells. By electron microscopy, all 18 cases studied showed generally abundant neurosecretory granules, which, however, displayed considerable heterogeneity in their size, shape, and density. Twelve of these eighteen cases displayed evidence of squamous differentiation and 10 showed characteristic exocrine lumina. The capability of single neuroendocrine tumors and single neuroendocrine tumor cells to produce more than one immunoreactive hormone is hereby amply confirmed; these broad capabilities are certainly reflected in the heterogeneous granule populations seen by electron microscopy. The synchronous presence of squamous and exocrine features in broncho-pulmonary carcinoids indicates that they too are capable of multidirectional differentiation, which should not detract from their being regarded basically as well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms. The clinical significance of strictly defining bronchial carcinoids is underscored by the fact that of 25 cases followed for 2-13 years, only one developed metastases 9 years postoperatively.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. I. Carcinoids. 637 57

The cases of three patients with primary carcinoid tumor of the testis were reported. The patients were 41, 44, and 83 years of age. At initial examination, all three had testicular masses with or without associated pain, and none had the carcinoid syndrome. The tumors measured 4.3 cm, 3.0 cm, and 6.5 cm in dimension. All three tumors manifested classic histologic features of carcinoid tumors. The neoplastic cells exhibited argyrophilia, and all were immunoreactive to chromogranin, serotonin, neuron-specific enolase, and cytokeratin. Two tumors had positive test results for gastrin and one had positive test results for substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. No tumors reacted with somatostatin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, or placental alkaline phosphatase. Intracytoplasmic, membrane-bound, round-to-elliptical pleomorphic granules were identified by ultrastructural analysis in all cases. DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed a low degree (near-diploid) DNA aneuploidy in all cases, with a DNA index of 1.15 in two tumors and 1.3 in the third tumor. The three patients are alive and well 11 years, 7 years, and 6 months, respectively, after diagnosis. A total of 57 cases of this entity, including the 3 reported here, have been reported. Of these, 43 were pure carcinoid, and 14 were associated with teratoma; 6 (11.6%) patients developed metastases. Tumor size and the presence of carcinoid syndrome have been found to correlate with metastatic potential. Neither tumor necrosis nor local tumor invasion (into vessels, tunica albuginea, etc.) correlated with adverse prognosis. Carcinoid tumor of the testis is a rare indolent neoplasm with potential for distant metastases.
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PMID:Primary carcinoid tumor of testis. Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric study of three cases with a review of the literature. 768 60

Various tumours, classically specified as either neuroendocrine or non-neuroendocrine, contain high numbers of somatostatin receptors, which enable in vivo localization of the primary tumour and its metastases by scintigraphy with the radiolabelled somatostatin analogue octreotide. In addition granulomas and autoimmune processes can be visualized because of local accumulation of somatostatin receptor-positive activated mononuclear leucocytes. In many instances a positive scintigram predicts a favourable response to treatment with octreotide. It is tempting to speculate that octreotide labelled with an appropriate radionuclide might be used in cancer therapy. The successful application of radiolabelled octreotide in scintigraphy indicates the possible usefulness of other radiolabelled peptides, either native peptides or derivatives of these, in, for example, nuclear oncology. The small size of these peptides, e.g. bombesin and substance P, is of the utmost importance for a relatively fast blood clearance, thus leading to low background radioactivity. In this way peptides are powerful alternatives to (fragments of) monoclonal antibodies, the application of which to scintigraphic localization of specific cell surface antigen-bearing tumours is plagued by slow blood clearance and, hence, high background levels.
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PMID:Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. 840 61

A case of carcinoid tumour of the small intestine has been reported, which caused hormone producing multiple hepatic metastases. The 45 year old man had flush syndrome several times a day, that was caused by a carcinoid tumour originated from the jejunum. After the operation of the primary tumour he was treated by Sandostatin (Sandoz, Basel), which significantly reduced the symptoms and slowed down the progression. The neural elements containing substance P, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, serotonin, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and somatostatin, which are thought to cause the symptoms, were investigated in the small intestine and the liver metastasis by an immunocytochemical method. It seems to be an interesting observation, that a large number of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive nerve fibers and some substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerve processes and cell bodies were observed however, no trace of somatostatin and serotonin immunoreactive nerve elements could be detected in the hepatic metastasis. That can be a novel addition to the possible aetiology of the carcinoid syndrome and to the way how the somatostatin treatment acts.
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PMID:[Treatment of carcinoid tumor with a long-acting somatostatin analog]. 843 17

Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy as treatment for human colorectal liver metastases is promising, but not entirely satisfactory. Improved drug delivery during HAI may be achieved by manipulating the different control mechanisms of normal versus tumour blood vessels. The peptidergic/aminergic innervation of vessels in normal liver and in two animal models of liver metastasis (Lister Hooded rat with syngeneic MC28 sarcoma; athymic (nude) rat with human HT29 carcinoma) was investigated to assess the suitability of these models for future pharmacological studies. Normal liver and metastases were studied immunohistochemically for the presence of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P (SP). Perivascular innervation was also examined by transmission electron microscopy. In Lister rat normal livers, perivascular immunoreactive nerve fibres containing PGP, NPY, TH, CGRP and SP were observed around the interlobular blood vessels near the hilum and in the portal tracts. The highest density was seen for PGP, followed in decreasing order, by NPY, TH, CGRP and SP. VIP-immunoreactive nerves were absent. No immunoreactive nerves were observed in the hepatic lobule. In athymic rat livers, the pattern of innervation was similar, except that SP immunoreactivity was more sparse. No perivascular immunoreactive nerves were observed in either MC28 or HT29 tumours. Electron microscopy confirmed the absence of perivascular nerves. Smooth muscle cells were not observed in tumour blood vessel walls. These results are comparable with previous observations on human liver metastases and suggest that the animal models may be suitable for pharmacological studies on vascular manipulation of HAI chemotherapy.
Clin Exp Metastasis 1997 Sep
PMID:Blood vessels in liver metastases from both sarcoma and carcinoma lack perivascular innervation and smooth muscle cells. 924 51


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