Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of various neurogenic peptides and neurotransmitter substances on the release of ACTH induced by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (HY-CRF) were investigated using monolayer cultured anterior pituitary cells. Test substances were given in combination with 0.05-0.1 hypothalamic extract (HE)/ml, because HE evoked a significant ACTH release and a linear dose response relationship was demonstrated sequentially between 0.0165 HE/ml and 0.5 HE/ml. Relative high doses of lysine-vasopressin showed a slight additive effect on the release of ACTH induced by 0.1 HE/ml. Leu-enkephalin, dopamine, prostaglandin E1 and E2 slightly reduced the release of ACTH induced by HY-CRF, but the inhibitory effect of these substances were not dose-related. Other tested substances including luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, melanocyte stimulating hormone release inhibiting factor, beta-endorphin, neurotensin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, angiotensin II, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine and gamma-amino butyric acid showed neither agonistic nor antagonistic effect on the release of ACTH induced by HY-CRF. These results indicate that the release of ACTH is controlled specifically by HY-CRF and corticosterone, and modified slightly by some other substances such as vasopressin and prostaglandins, and that the effect of most other neurogenic peptides and neurotransmitter substances is negligible or non-physiological at the pituitary level.
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PMID:ACTH release in pituitary cell cultures. Effect of neurogenic peptides and neurotransmitter substances on ACTH release induced by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). 3 43

Neuronal compartments can be separated by differential spinning or by centrifugation on continuous or discontinuous density gradients. Application of these fractionation techniques to brain structures containing neurosecretory neurons shows that LHRH, somatostatin and a non dopamine prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) are exclusively recovered from synaptosomal fractions. This indicates that biologically and/or immunologically reactive forms of these hormones are almost entirely concentrated in nerve-endings of neurosecretory neurons. In contrast, other neuropeptides - posterior pituitary hormone, but also TRH, a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P or endorphins - are also found in supernatant fractions. The existence of multiple molecular forms of neuropeptides is likely to explain these differences. Current theories postulate that they are synthetized on ribosomes as precursor forms. Their active structure is only achieved by enzymatic splitting of the pre- or the prohormone within nerve endings. This mode of synthesis is probably common to all neuropeptides, although it has only been well substantiated in a few cases, in particular for the hormones of the posterior pituitary. Thus, the lack of immunologically detectable LHRH or SRIF outside the synaptosomal fraction may reflect masking of the active immunological sites by inert peptide chains associated with prohormonal forms. Fractionation methods can also be applied to physiological or pharmacological experiments. In particular, they permit to characterize, on presynaptic membranes of neurosecretory neurons, specific receptors to neurotransmitters involved in the control of neurohormone secretion. Interaction of dopamine and acetylcholine with LHRH and CRF release are presented as examples of such applications.
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PMID:[Subcellular distribution of hypothalamic neurohormones and in vitro stimulation of their release]. 20 91

The fasting plasma levels of 10 vasoactive regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in 23 stable patients with chronic renal failure receiving regular hemodialysis treatment (RDT) and compared with those of healthy controls. The plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide, beta-endorphin, methionine-enkephalin, motilin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were increased. The plasma level of calcitonin gene-related peptide was not statistically different from that of the controls. The plasma concentration of gamma 2-melanocyte-stimulating hormone was lowered in the RDT-patients. The arterial blood pressure correlated with the plasma levels of motilin and neuropeptide Y. We conclude that patients with chronic renal failure receiving RDT have increased concentrations of 8 out of 10 measured vasoactive regulatory peptides. The elevated levels of vasoactive peptides may contribute to the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to impaired renal function.
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PMID:Plasma levels of vasoactive regulatory peptides in patients receiving regular hemodialysis treatment. 137 31

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) plus arginine vasopressin (AVP) induce immunoassayable (1-13)ACTH (alpha MSH) from mononuclear leukocytes. We studied the ability of LPS and CRH + AVP to in vitro stimulate native ACTH (not alpha MSH) and substance P (SP) production and thymidine incorporation in human mononuclear leukocytes. Neither CRH + AVP nor LPS stimulated detectable amounts of intracellular or extracellular ACTH (less than 15 pg/8 x 10(6) cells or total medium) or SP (less than 50 pg/8 x 10(6) cells or total medium) at 1, 2, 3 or 4 days of incubation. LPS, but not CRF + AVP, increased the amount of 3H-thymidine incorporation over controls. This data questions the importance of an immunoadrenal axis and the synthesis of SP by mononuclear leukocytes.
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PMID:Corticotropin releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin stimulation of ACTH and substance P in human mononuclear leukocytes. 169 18

We have investigated the central effects of substance P (SP) on plasma concentrations of immunoreactive ACTH and on immunoreactive and bioactive arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the rat. The injection of SP (20 nmol) into the lateral ventricle intracerebroventricular, (i.c.v.) of ethanol-anaesthetised rats produced a prolonged antidiuresis lasting at least 30 min, associated with an increase in plasma AVP (from 7.8 +/- 0.6 to 12.5 +/- 1.9 fmol/ml, mean +/- SEM, n = 6). Concentrations of plasma ACTH were significantly decreased 30 min following SP (from 320 +/- 70 to 135 +/- 15 fmol/ml, n = 12). In rats anaesthetised with urethane, a significant decrease in plasma ACTH was observed 15 and 30 min following i.c.v. injection of SP (20 nmol); a downward trend was also observed in ACTH following a 40 nmol dose, but this was not significant. No effect of SP was observed on either basal or CRF-41-stimulated ACTH release from isolated rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. These results demonstrate for the first time that SP exerts opposite effects upon the release of ACTH and AVP in the same animal, and suggest that these actions occur at the level of the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Substance P stimulates arginine vasopressin and inhibits adrenocorticotropin release in vivo in the rat. 169 61

We have used specific radioimmunoassays coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure and characterise substance P (SP) and substance K (SK) in subdivisions of the rat hypothalamus. SP and SK levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were 968 +/- 61 and 381 +/- 22 pg respectively; in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were 210 +/- 21 and 79 +/- 8 pg; and in the median eminence/arcuate nucleus (ME) were 1044 +/- 66 and 451 +/- 20 pg. Reversed-phase HPLC revealed that immunoreactive (ir) SP was present solely in the non-oxidised form in all tissue extracts. The principal form of ir-SK in the PVN and SON coeluted with synthetic SK on HPLC, but some immunoreactivity eluted in a later position. This material represented less then 5% of the total ir-SK in extracts of the PVN and SON, but increased to 35-40% of the total in the ME. Gel chromatography and HPLC characterised this compound as being slightly smaller and more hydrophobic than SK. These results establish that ir-SK is present within the hypothalamus in varying amounts and molecular forms. The location of significant amounts of both SP and SK in the PVN and ME, the principal regions of CRF-41 synthesis and release, is compatible with a role for neurokinins in the modulation of CRF-41 and consequently ACTH release.
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PMID:Substance P and substance K in the median eminence and paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. 170 3

Adult rats treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate (MSG) exhibit lesions in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Following MSG lesioning, dopamine content in median eminence/arcuate nucleus (ME/AN) tissue extracts declined by 60-70%. Substance P (SP) content as determined by radioimmunoassay was significantly decreased in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (531 +/- 30 pg, mean +/- SEM) compared to controls (871 +/- 110 pg) but was unchanged in ME/AN extracts. Substance K (SK) content decreased to 257 +/- 20 pg in the PVN of lesioned animals compared to controls (367 +/- 31 pg) and the ME/AN content of SK was also significantly decreased (236 +/- 36 pg compared to control levels of 619 +/- 65 pg). The CRF-41 content of the PVN and ME/AN was unchanged by MSG lesioning, indicating that these areas are not affected by MSG. The partial depletion of SP and SK in the PVN following MSG treatment provides evidence that at least some of the neurokinin content of the PVN may originate in cell bodies of the arcuate nucleus. However, the lack of response of ME/AN SP to MSG treatment may suggest that the arcuate nucleus is not the major source of SP in the median eminence.
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PMID:Substance P and substance K in the rat hypothalamus following monosodium glutamate lesions of the arcuate nucleus. 171 32

The fasting plasma levels of 9 gastrointestinal regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in 13 stable patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment regularly and compared with those of 10 healthy controls. The plasma concentrations of gastrin-releasing peptide, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were increased. The plasma level of gastrin was not statistically different from that of the controls (p = 0.077). We conclude that patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment regularly have increased concentrations of eight of nine measured gastrointestinal regulatory peptides. The elevated levels of gastrointestinal peptides in patients with chronic renal failure may contribute to uremic gastrointestinal symptoms and dysfunctions. It is necessary to make a renal function evaluation before interpreting measured plasma levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides.
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PMID:Plasma levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. 171 7

Substance P (SP), 40 micrograms/kg SC, induced protein leakage in the skin, muscle, trachea and esophagus of the anesthetized rat as measured by Monastral blue B labeling of small blood vessels. CRF, 30 micrograms/kg SC, injected 30 min before SP, decreased the SP-induced dye leakage. To locate where CRF might act, autoradiographic studies of [125I]-CRF binding to esophageal segments were conducted and displaceable binding of [125I]-CRF to submucosal elements in the esophageal epithelium were revealed, suggesting that CRF acts on selective sites to reduce vascular leakage.
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PMID:Corticotropin-releasing factor inhibition of substance P-induced vascular leakage in rats: possible sites of action. 171 57

The plasma levels of nine vasoactive regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in six stable patients with chronic renal failure on regular hemodialysis, before and during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-huEPO). All patients responded with significant increases in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit. Mean arterial blood pressure was not significantly changed nor were there any changes of body weight or interdialytic body weight gain. The mean plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and motilin decreased significantly, by 38 and 16 percent respectively, during r-huEPO treatment. There were no changes in mean plasma levels of arginine vasopressin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, beta-lipotropin, gamma 2-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, neuropeptide Y, substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide. No significant correlations were observed between changes of plasma peptide levels and changes of mean arterial blood pressure.
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PMID:Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the plasma levels of vasoactive regulatory peptides in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. 188 94


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