Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is a primary center of the vomeronasal system. In the dog, the position and morphology of the AOB remained vague for a long time. Recently, the morphological characteristics of the dog AOB were demonstrated by means of lectin-histochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical staining, although the distribution of each kind of neuron, especially granule cells, remains controversial in the dog AOB. In the present study, we examined the distribution of neuronal elements in the dog AOB by means of immunohistochemical and enzyme-histochemical staining. Horizontal paraffin or frozen sections of the dog AOB were immunostained with antisera against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), brain nitric oxide synthase (NOS), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. In addition, frozen sections were stained enzyme-histochemically for NADPH-diaphorase. In the dog AOB, vomeronasal nerve fibers, glomeruli, and mitral/tufted cells were PGP 9.5-immunopositive. Mitral/tufted cells were observed in the glomerular layer (GL) and the neuronal cell layer (NCL). In the NCL, a small number of NOS-, GAD-, and SP-immunopositive and NADPH-diaphorase positive granule cells were observed. In the GL, GAD-, TH-, and VIP-immunopositive periglomerular cells were observed. In the GL and the NCL, TH-, and VIP-immunopositive short axon cells were also observed. In addition to these neurons, TH- and SP-immunopositive afferent fibers were observed in the GL and the NCL. We could distinctly demonstrate the distribution of neuronal elements in the dog AOB. Since only a small number of granule cells were present in the dog AOB, the dog AOB did not display such a well-developed GCL as observed in the other mammals.
Anat Rec 1998 11
PMID:Immunohistochemical and enzyme-histochemical study on the accessory olfactory bulb of the dog. 981 Dec 17

Recently it has been observed that a subpopulation of gut endocrine cells in vertebrates express Trk-like proteins, suggesting that neurotrophins could regulate the synthesis and storage of amines and peptides of these cells. Nevertheless, the peptides and amines present in the endocrine cells that express Trks have not been characterized. In this study we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the occurrence of Trk-like proteins (TrkA-like, TrkB-like and TrkC-like) and the possible co-localization of these with peptides and/or biogenic amines in the endocrine cells of the stomach of three teleost (bass, gilt-head and scorpionfish). No TrkA-like immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in the stomach of these species, whereas TrkB-like IR and TrkC-like IR were observed in numerous cells of the gastric epithelium. TrkB-like immunoreactive cells were present in all three species examined, and were particularly abundant in the blind sac. Conversely, TrkC-like immunoreactive cells were found only in the bass stomach, apparently co-localized with TrkB-like IR. TrkB-like IR was found co-localized with somatostatin IR in scorpionfish, and with somatostatin and CGRP IR in gilt-head and bass. Gastric endocrine cells expressing 5-HT, glucagon, insulin, met-, leu-enkephalin, substance P, PYY, VIP, CCK, NPY, bombesin and motilin were unreactive for Trk-like proteins. The present results provide direct evidence for the occurrence of Trk-like neurotrophin receptor proteins in a subpopulation of the teleostean gastric endocrine cells and suggest that neurotrophins could regulate, as in neurons, the expression of some neuropeptides such as somatostatin and CGRP.
Anat Rec 1999 11 01
PMID:Co-localization of Trk neurotrophin receptors and regulatory peptides in the endocrine cells of the teleostean stomach. 1052 80

Lower numbers of neuropeptide-containing fibers in arthritic joints have been found as compared to control joints. This may be the result of fiber depletion, necrosis of fibers, or proliferation of soft tissues without neural sprouting. To discriminate between these possibilities, we studied the relationships between soft tissue proliferation, changes in vascularity of synovial tissues, and changes in joint innervation during arthritis. Arthritis was induced in the knee joint of mice by a single subpatellar injection of methylated bovine serum albumin after previous immunization. Antibodies to protein gene product 9.5, S-100, and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were used to study the general innervation pattern. Antibodies to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasointestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used to localize sensory (SP, CGRP, VIP) and sympathetic (TH) fibers. Blood vessels of the joint were studied with ink perfusion, GAP-43, and a vascular marker (LF1). Directly after the induction of arthritis, the synovial cavity was enlarged and filled with leukocytes. From day 4 onward, small sprouting blood vessels penetrated the avascular mass of cells in the joint cavity. After 1 week, the vascular sprouting activity and GAP-43 immunoreactivity were maximal, and after 2 weeks, vascular sprouting activity diminished. In the subsequent period, the synovia slowly regained their prearthritic appearance and thickness. The most pronounced changes in the general staining pattern of CGRP, SP, VIP, and TH were found in the periosteum. From 2 days to 4 weeks after the induction of arthritis, the layer of SP, CGRP, and VIP fibers in the femoral periosteum was thicker and more irregular. GAP-43 staining showed many terminal varicosities, which suggested sprouting of nerve fibers. From 2 days to 2 weeks after the induction of arthritis, the SP and CGRP fibers in the periosteum showed gradual depletion. In the thickened subsynovial tissues that were revascularized, no ingrowth of neural elements was found. As the total number of nerve fibers in the synovial tissue did not change, large parts of the synovia directly facing the joint cavity were not innervated at 1 week after the induction of arthritis. These results strongly suggest that periosteal SP and CGRP fibers were depleted during arthritis. Synovial proliferation without concomitant fiber growth is the main cause of the reduced number of immunocytochemically detectable fibers in the mouse arthritic knee joint.
Anat Rec 2000 09 01
PMID:Neurovascular plasticity in the knee joint of an arthritic mouse model. 1096 36

The complexity of the neural regulation of the gallbladder is reflected by the variety of neuroactive compounds that are found in the intrinsic and extrinsic nerves of the guinea pig gallbladder. The studies reported here used antisera to test for the presence of gallbladder nerves that are immunoreactive for the neuroactive peptides, pituitary adenylyl activating polypeptide (PACAP), and/or orphanin FQ (OFQ, also known as nociceptin). PACAP immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibers of the paravascular plexus that were also immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide. These nerve fibers, which are also immunoreactive for substance P, could be followed into the ganglionated plexus. Within the ganglia, a small proportion of neurons was found to be immunoreactive for PACAP; these neurons were also immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide synthase. Immunoreactivity for OFQ was observed in the perivascular plexus in nerve fibers that were also immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. These nerves were previously shown to be immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y. In the ganglionated plexus, immunoreactivity was observed in all gallbladder neurons, as demonstrated by double staining with antiserum directed against the neuron-specific RNA binding protein, Hu. OFQ immunoreactivity was also present in the small catecholaminergic neurons that are observed in a subset of the ganglia. These results further demonstrate the neurotransmitter diversity of the nerves of the gallbladder, and they provide an incentive for studies of the actions of these compounds in the gallbladder wall.
Anat Rec 2001 01 01
PMID:Chemical coding of intrinsic and extrinsic nerves in the guinea pig gallbladder: distributions of PACAP and orphanin FQ. 1114 33

The amounts of neurokinin 1 (NK(1)) receptor immunolabelling on the membranes of myenteric cell bodies at appositions with tachykinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals, other nerve terminals, and glial cells were compared at the ultrastructural level using pre-embedding, double-label immunocytochemistry. NK(1) receptor immunoreactivity was revealed using silver-intensified, 1 nm gold, and tachykinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals were revealed using diaminobenzidine. The density of NK(1) receptor immunolabelling (silver particles per length of cell membrane) on the membrane at appositions with tachykinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals was not significantly different from that at appositions with other (nonimmunoreactive) nerve terminals or with glial cells. Synaptic specializations ("active zones") were present at a small proportion of the appositions between NK(1) receptor-immunoreactive cell bodies and tachykinin-immunoreactive or other nerve terminals. The density of NK(1) receptor immunolabelling at synaptic specializations was lower than that at regions of appositions where no synaptic specializations were present. The presence of NK(1) receptor on the cell surface in areas not directly apposed to tachykinin-containing nerve terminals suggests that tachykinins that diffuse away from their site of release may still exert an action via NK(1) receptors. Although NK(1) receptors do not appear to be targetted to particular sites on the surfaces of myenteric nerve cell bodies and proximal dendrites, they are reduced in density at regions of the membrane-forming synaptic specializations.
Anat Rec 2001 07 01
PMID:Relationship between postsynaptic NK(1) receptor distribution and nerve terminals innervating myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig ileum. 1145 33

The reticulum and the reticular groove are functional distinct compartments within the ovine forestomach. While the reticulum takes part in various motor functions, such as mixing, retaining, and rejecting the forestomach ingesta, the reticular groove serves mainly as a bypass between the esophagus and the abomasum. To accomplish these different tasks, the compartments develop specific motility patterns that are controlled by intrinsic neural circuits. In this study the intrinsic innervation by myenteric neurons was analyzed by quadruple immunohistochemistry against cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Four neurochemically different subpopulations of myenteric neurons were found in the reticulum and the floor of the reticular groove: ChAT/-, ChAT/SP, NOS/-, and NOS/VIP. The neuronal proportions were calculated relative to all myenteric neurons. Neurons of the reticulum were mostly immunoreactive for ChAT (89% +/- 3%), whereas neurons adjacent to the reticular groove predominantly expressed a nitrergic phenotype (62% +/- 4%). ChAT-positive neurons were also immunoreactive for SP (ChAT/SP: 64% +/- 3% reticulum; 25% +/- 1% reticular groove) or were purely cholinergic (ChAT/-: 25% +/- 4% reticulum; 13% +/- 3% reticular groove). NOS-positive neurons colocalized VIP (NOS/VIP: 10% +/- 3% reticulum; 46% +/- 1% reticular groove) or none of the other neurotransmitters (NOS/-: 1% +/- 1% reticulum; 17% +/- 3% reticular groove). Analysis of the soma sizes revealed that in both compartments the nitrergic neurons were significantly larger than the cholinergic neurons. It is suggested that the specific neurochemical code in combination with a specific morphology leads to a precise regulation of the specialized tasks of the reticulum and reticular groove by subpopulations of myenteric neurons.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003 Oct
PMID:Reticular groove and reticulum are innervated by myenteric neurons with different neurochemical codes. 1297 15

In small laboratory animals, such as guinea pigs, immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein calbindin (CALB) can be used to distinguish functionally different classes of myenteric neurones. The rumen of sheep is a highly specialized gastrointestinal region, and the control of its functions requires specific intrinsic innervation patterns. The aim of this study was to neurochemically identify and characterize CALB-positive myenteric neurones of the ovine rumen. Therefore, we performed quadruple immunohistochemistry against CALB, substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) using whole-mount preparations of the ruminal myenteric plexus. On average, 3 +/- 2 and 1 +/- 0.4 myenteric neurones/ganglion were CALB-immunoreactive in suckling lambs and adult sheep, respectively. These neurones had Dogiel type-I morphology. Most of them (89.2% +/- 8.7% and 71.7% +/-44.8% in suckling lambs and adult sheep, respectively) did not colocalize any of the other antigenes. Since it has been shown in previous studies that ruminal myenteric neurones are immunoreactive for either choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or NOS, we defined neurones which were CALB-positive and NOS-negative as CALB/ChAT. The other CALB-positive neurones were encoded CALB/NOS/+/-VIP (10.3% +/- 9.3% and 26.7% +/- 46.2% in suckling lambs and adult sheep, respectively) or CALB/ChAT/SP (0.5% +/- 1.0% and 1.7% +/- 1.9% in suckling lambs and adult sheep, respectively). We used cryostat sections of the ruminal wall to analyze the projections of the CALB-positive neurones. CALB-immunoreactive somata were exclusively located within the myenteric plexus. CALB-immunoreactive nerve fibers were found primarily in the lamina propria of the ruminal papillae. We conclude that CALB-positive myenteric neurones within the ovine rumen project to the epithelium; however, their functional role remains to be investigated.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Jun
PMID:Calbindin-immunoreactive neurones in the ovine rumen. 1516 40

Recent studies have demonstrated a pronounced influence by the autonomic nervous system on immune-mediated experimental hepatitis in the mouse. Adrenergic sympathetic neurons alleviate while capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic primary afferent neurons aggravate liver injury. This was evidenced by recording morphological and functional parameters upon chemical sympathectomy and application of beta-adrenergic agonists, and capsaicin depletion of afferents, neurokinin receptor antagonists, and application of exogenous substance P, respectively. These phenomena are most likely based on close anatomical relationships between nerve fibers and various immune cells in the liver. Modulation of autonomic nervous system functions may open novel therapeutic strategies in immune and inflammatory liver diseases.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Sep
PMID:Innervation of immune cells: evidence for neuroimmunomodulation in the liver. 1538 13

In the livers of humans, cats, guinea pigs, and tupaia, nerve endings are distributed all over the hepatic lobules. Nerve endings in the intralobular spaces are localized mainly in the Disse spaces and are oriented toward the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. They are especially closely related to HSCs. Various neurotransmitters such as substance P exist in the nerve endings. In addition, HSCs possess endothelin (ET) and adrenergic receptors and contract in response to the corresponding agonists. In contrast, nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the contraction of HSCs. HSCs thus appear to be involved in the regulation of hepatic sinusoidal microcirculation by contraction and relaxation. In the cirrhotic liver, intralobular innervation is decreased, but ET, ET receptors, and NO are overexpressed in the HSCs. These findings indicate that HSCs in cirrhotic liver may play an important role in the sinusoidal microcirculation through agents such as ET or NO rather than through intralobular innervation.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Sep
PMID:Innervation of the sinusoidal wall: regulation of the sinusoidal diameter. 1538 14

The extrahepatic biliary tract is innervated by dense networks of extrinsic and intrinsic nerves that regulates smooth muscle tone and epithelial cell function of extrahepatic biliary tree. Although these ganglia are derived from the same set of precursor neural crest cells that colonize the gut, they exhibit structural, neurochemical, and physiological characteristics that are distinct from the neurons of the enteric nervous system. Gallbladder neurons are relatively inexcitable, and their output is driven by vagal inputs and modulated by hormones, peptides released from sensory fibers, and inflammatory mediators. Gallbladder neurons are cholinergic and they can express a number of other neural active compounds, including substance P, galanin, nitric oxide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Sphincter of Oddi (SO) ganglia, which are connected to ganglia of the duodenum, appear to be comprised of distinct populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, based on their expression of choline acetyltransferase and substance P or nitric oxide synthase, respectively. While SO neurons likely receive vagal input and their activity is modulated by release of neuropeptides from sensory fibers, a significant source of excitatory synaptic input to these cells arise from the duodenum. This duodenum-SO circuit is likely to play an important role in the coordination of SO tone with gallbladder motility in the process of gallbladder emptying. Now that we have gained a relatively thorough understanding of the innervation of the biliary tree under healthy conditions, the way is paved for future studies of altered neural function in biliary disease.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004 Sep
PMID:Innervation of the extrahepatic biliary tract. 1538 17


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