Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of fibers and cell bodies containing neurotensin, neurokinin A, galanin, or somatostatin-28(1-12) immunoreactivity in the torus semicircularis of the carp was studied using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. In this mesencephalic region, a high-density of galanin-immunoreactive fibers was found, whereas neurokinin A or somatostatin-28(1-12)-immunoreactive processes were observed at a moderate density and neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers at a low density. Cell bodies containing somatostatin-28(1-12) immunoreactivity were observed in both central and lateral nuclei. The torus semicircularis was not immunoreactive for dynorphin A. The presence of these neuropeptides in the carp torus semicircularis suggests that such neuroactive substances may be involved in auditory and visual mechanisms, as well as in the control of inputs arising from the lateral line system.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the torus semicircularis of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). 137 85

1. The pharmacological and chemical properties of substance P-like peptides isolated from an acid extract of the carp intestinal bulb were examined using guinea-pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle. 2. On a Sephadex G25 column (3 x 96 cm), smooth muscle contracting material was eluted as two peaks (fraction-1 and fraction-2). The molecular weight of the fraction-1 was estimated to be 2300 and that of the fraction-2 to be 1530. 3. The pharmacological properties of the contracting materials in fraction-1 and fraction-2 resembled those of substance P and neurokinin A. 4. The susceptibility of the contracting activity of fraction-1 to proteolytic enzymes resembled that of physalaemin but, on the other hand, the susceptibility of that of fraction-2 resembled those of eledoisin and neurokinin A. 5. Ion-exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex C25 indicated the presence of one contracting material in fraction-1 and three contracting materials in fraction-2. The elution positions of four materials were different from that of substance P. 6. These results indicate that four tachykinins different from substance P are present in an acid extract of the carp intestinal bulb.
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PMID:Presence of four tachykinins in an acid extract of the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio). 170 90

1. The effects of scyliorhinins I (SCY I) and II (SCY II) on longitudinal (LM) and circular muscle (CM) strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb were investigated in vitro and compared with that of substance P (SP). 2. SP (0.3 nM-1 microM), SCY I (0.3-300 nM) and SCY II (0.3 nM-1 microM) caused transient concentration-dependent contractions of LM strips. The EC50 values for SP, SCY I and SCY II were 16 nM, 15 nM and 39 nM, respectively. Tetrodotoxin and atropine partly decreased the contractile responses to SP, neurokinin A and neurokinin B, but did not change those to SCY I and SCY II. Spantide, methysergide, pyrilamine and naloxone did not decrease the contractile responses to SP, SCY I and SCY II. SP-induced desensitization selectively decreased the responsiveness of LM strips to SCY I and SCY II, and in addition, SCY I- or SCY II-induced desensitization decreased that to SP, SCY I and SCY II. 3. SP, SCY I and SCY II (1 nM-1 microM) caused concentration-dependent contraction of CM strips. The time course of the contractile response of CM strips was different from that of LM strips. Neither tetrodotoxin, atropine, methysergide nor spantide decreased the contractile responses to these tachykinins. 4. These results indicate that SCY I and SCY II act directly on tachykinin receptors located on smooth muscle cells and thus cause the excitatory response in the carp intestinal bulb.
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PMID:Excitatory responses to scyliorhinins I and II in smooth muscle strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio). 171 22

1. The mechanical responses to some autonomic drugs and neuropeptides of longitudinal muscle (LM) and circular muscle (CM) strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb were investigated in vitro. 2. Acetylcholine and carbamylcholine caused concentration-dependent transient contraction of both LM and CM strips. Tetrodotoxin had no effect, but atropine selectively decreased the contractile responses to acetylcholine and carbamylcholine. 3. Excitatory alpha-2 and inhibitory beta adrenoceptors were present in both LM and CM strips. 4. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused concentration-dependent contraction of both LM and CM strips. Tetrodotoxin, atropine and methysergide decreased the contractile responses to 5-HT. 5. Some neuropeptides (angiotensin I, angiotensin II, bombesin, bradykinin, neurotensin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) did not cause any mechanical response (contraction or relaxation) in either smooth muscle strip. 6. Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) caused contraction of both LM and CM strips. However, the time course of the contraction in LM was different from that in CM. The order of potency was NKA greater than SP greater than NKB in LM strips and NKA greater than SP much greater than NKB in CM strips. In LM strips, the contractile responses to tachykinins were unaffected by spantide and methysergide, but partly decreased by tetrodotoxin and atropine. On the other hand, the contractile responses of CM strips were unaffected by tetrodotoxin, atropine, methysergide and spantide. 7. Dynorphin (1-13) (DYN), leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk) and methionine-enkephalin (M-Enk) caused concentration-dependent contraction of both LM and CM strips. The order of potency was DYN greater than M-Enk greater than L-Enk. Naloxone selectively decreased the responses to opiate peptides. 8. The present results indicate that acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, catecholamines, 5-HT, tachykinins (SP, NKA and NKB) and opiate peptides (DYN, L-Enk and M-Enk) affect the mechanical activity of LM and CM strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb through their specific receptors.
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PMID:Effects of some autonomic drugs and neuropeptides on the mechanical activity of longitudinal and circular muscle strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio). 198 39

In three species of teleosts - carp Cyprinus carpio; grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella; and crucian carp Carassius auratus - the caudal neurosecretory system displays small, medium-sized and large neurons. Urotensin I (UI)-immunoreactive and UI-nonreactive neurons were found in all three groups; in general, the number of the latter neurons exceeded that of the former. Noteworthy are: (i) UI-immunoreactive fibers in the caudal spinal cord and (ii) dense accumulations of UI-immunoreactive product around the capillaries of the urophysis. In two species of elasmobranchs-cat shark Heterodontus japonicus and swell shark Cephaloscyllium umbratile - neurosecretory neurons decreased in size in rostro-caudal direction. Most of the neurosecretory perikarya, their axons and the corresponding neurohemal areas were UI-immunoreactive, but a small number of secretory neurons was devoid of immunoreaction. Oxytocin, arginine vasopressin, substance P, somatostatin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin-releasing peptide were not detected in the caudal neurosecretory system of the carp.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of urotensin I and other neuropeptides in the caudal neurosecretory system of three species of teleosts and two species of elasmobranchs. 242 10

1. The effect of substance P on the mechanical activity of carp intestinal bulb smooth muscle was investigated in vitro. 2. Bath-applied substance P (1 nM-1 microM) caused concentration-dependent contraction of the smooth muscle. The EC50 value was 20 +/- 3 nM (N = 13). 3. Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (780 nM) or atropine (500 nM) partially decreased the contractile response to substance P, while methysergide (3 microM) did not decrease the response. 4. The contractile response to substance P was not decreased by [D-Pro2, D-Trp7.9]-substance P or [D-Pro4, D-Trp7.9]-substance P (4-11) pretreatment (10 microM for 5 min). 5. Exposure of the intestinal bulb to substance P (100 nM and 1 microM for 15 min) decreased the response to subsequent application of substance P, physalaemin and eledoisin in a concentration dependent manner, while the contractile response to acetylcholine or methionine-enkephalin was not affected. 6. Exposure of the intestinal bulb to physalaemin and eledoisin (100 nM for 15 min) decreased the response to subsequent application of substance P. 7. The above results indicate that substance P causes the contraction of the carp intestinal bulb smooth muscle through its direct action on the smooth muscle and its indirect action through enteric cholinergic nerves. Long-term exposure to substance P causes desensitization of the preparation to substance P, physalaemin and eledoisin at the receptor level.
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PMID:Contractile response to substance P in isolated smooth muscle strips from the intestinal bulb of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). 245 18

1. The effect of an acid extract of the carp intestinal bulb (ECI) on guinea-pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle (GPLM) and carp intestinal bulb longitudinal smooth muscle (CIBLM) was examined. 2. ECI caused a concentration-dependent contraction of GPLM and CIBLM. This ECI-induced response was reduced by atropine to 30-40% of the control, indicating that part of the contracting activity of ECI is attributable to acetylcholine. The atropine-resistant contracting activity of ECI was not mediated by histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, ATP, ADP, angiotensin II, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide or an opioid peptide. 3. The active material mediating the atropine-resistant contracting activity is probably a peptide, because the contraction in response to ECI was abolished on incubation with pepsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. 4. [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-substance P, [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9]-substance P (4-11) decreased the atropine-resistant contracting activity of ECI as did desensitization induced by substance P. 5. On a Sephadex G 25 column, the active material was eluted as one peak. The active fractions were pooled and then applied to another Sephadex G25 column to compare the Ve/Vo value for the active material with those for peptides of known molecular weights. The molecular weight of the active material was estimated to be 1200-1700 (1410 +/- 70, n = 6). 6. The results indicate the presence of a substance P-like peptide in the carp intestinal bulb.
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PMID:Presence of a substance P-like peptide in an acid extract of the intestinal bulb of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). 246 88

The participation of substance P in the noncholinergic contraction induced by transmural stimulation (TMS) of the carp intestinal bulb was examined. In the presence of atropine, substance P caused the contraction of carp intestinal bulb smooth muscle in a concentration dependent manner (1 nmol/l - 1 mumol/l). The EC50 value was 28 +/- 7 nmol/l (n = 6). Substance P-induced desensitization (1 mumol/l for 15 min), decreased the response to substance P and the atropine-resistant contraction induced by TMS (20 Hz) selectively. In contrast, in the absence of atropine, the contraction induced by TMS (20 Hz) was slightly attenuated with the substance P-induced desensitization. The acid extract obtained from the carp intestinal bulb contained a smooth muscle excitatory material whose pharmacological properties were consistent with those of substance P. The present results indicate that a substance P-like peptide is present in the carp intestinal bulb which is involved in the non-cholinergic contraction induced by TMS.
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PMID:Evidence that a substance P-like peptide mediates the non-cholinergic excitatory response of the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio). 246 11

Immunoreactive substance P is present in the bullfrog retina, possibly in two types of stratified amacrine cells, with their somas in the inner nuclear layer and their neuronal processes entering the inner plexiform layer and ramifying in sublayers 3 or 4 (or both). Occasionally, polygonal somas positive for substance P were found in the ganglion cell layer. Approximately 75 percent of the cell bodies positive for substance P and 65 percent of the radioimmunoassayable substance P were found in the superior half of the frog retina. On the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography, the immunoreactive substance P in the neural retina of the rat, monkey, or chick is similar to synthetic substance P, whereas this is not true of the immunoreactive substance P in the bullfrog or carp retina.
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PMID:Substance P activity in the bullfrog retina: localization and identification in several vertebrate species. 616 81

Th effects on ganglion cell light responses and spontaneous activity of neurotransmitter candidates, applied by nebulizer spray and iontophoresis, were studied in the isolated carp retina. ACh, GABA, and substance P had strong effects on the ganglion cells; dopamine and the amino acids aspartate, glutamate, and glycine and only weak effects. ACh and substance P exerted their actions even when synaptic transmission was blocked by cobalt chloride, suggesting postsynaptic receptors for those agents on the ganglion cell membrane. The 3 amino acids and dopamine do not appear to act directly on the ganglion cells. The pharmacological sensitivity of ganglion cells was correlated with their physiological response type. About three-quarters of ON/OFF and half of other transiently responding ganglion cells were excited by micromolar concentrations of cholinergic agonists; most ON-center sustained ganglion cells were insensitive. The light response of some of the ACh-sensitive cells could be suppressed by cholinergic antagonists. Substance P generally excited ganglion cells with an ON-component in their light response. GABA inhibited cells of all response types, but affected least the OFF-center tonic cells. In view of these observations, and of corroborating histological evidence, we propose that ACh, GABA, and substance P are neurotransmitters that are released by amacrine cells and affect receptors located on ganglion cells.
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PMID:Inner plexiform circuits in the carp retina: effects of cholinergic agonists, GABA, and substance P on the ganglion cells. 617 85


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