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Query: UNIPROT:P20020 (adenosine triphosphatase)
 3,299 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nucleotides have at least two functions in eukaryotic cilia and flagella. ATP, originating in the cells, is utilized for motility by energy-transducing protein(s) called dynein, and the binding of guanine nucleotides to tubulin, and probably certain transformations of the bound nucleotides, are prerequisites for the assembly of microtubules. Besides dynein, which can be solubulized from Chlamydomonas flagella as a heterogeneous, Mg2+ or Ca2+-activated ATPase, we have purified and characterized five other flagellar enzymes involved in nucleotide transformations. A homogeneous, low molecular weight, Ca2+-specific adenosine triphosphatase was isolated, which was inhibited by Mg2+ and was not specific for ATP. This enzyme was not formed by treating purified dynein with proteases. It was absent from extracts of Tetrahymena cilia. Its function might be an auxiliary energy transducer, or in steering or tactic responses. Two species of adenylate kinase were isolated, one of which was much elevated in regenerating flagella; the latter was also present in cell bodies. A large part of flagellar nucleoside diphosphokinase activity could not be solubilized. Two soluble enzyme species were identified, one of which was also present in cell bodies. Since these enzymes are of interest because they might function in microtubule assembly, we studied the extent to which brain nucleoside diphosphokinase co-polymerizes with tubulin purified by repeated cycles of polymerization. Arginine kinase was not detected in Chlamydomonas flagellar extracts.
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PMID:Nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes in Chlamydomonas flagella. 0 Mar 97

Net synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in energy-depleted cells of Escherichia coli was observed when an inwardly directed protonmotive force was artificially imposed. In wild-type cells, ATP synthesis occurred whether the protonmotive force was dominated by the membrane potential (negative inside) or the pH gradient (alkaline inside). Formation of ATP did not occur unless the protonmotive force exceeded a value of 200 mV. Under these conditions, no ATP synthesis was found when cells were exposed to an inhibitor of the membrane-bound Ca2+- and Mg2+- stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or to a proton conductor, carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone. Adenosine triphosphatase-negative mutants failed to show ATP synthesis in response to either a membrane potential or a pH gradient. ATP synthesis driven by a protonmotive force was observed in a cytochrome-deficient mutant. These observations are consistent with the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Mitchell (1961, 1966, 1974).
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PMID:Protonmotive force as the source of energy for adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli. 0 27

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis driven by an artificially imposed membrane potential in right-side-out membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli was investigated. Membrane vesicles prepared in the presence of adenosine diphosphate were loaded with K+ by incubation with 0.5 M potassium phosphate. Addition of valinomycin resulted in the synthesis of 0.2 to 0.3 nmol of ATP/mg of membrane protein, whereas no synthesis was observed after addition of nigericin. Addition of K+, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, or azide to the assay buffer inhibited ATP synthesis. Adenosine diphosphate and Mg2+ were found to be required. Ca2+, which can replace Mg2+ for the hydrolytic activity of the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3), could not replace Mg2+ in the synthetic reaction and, in fact, inhibited ATP synthesis even in the presence of Mg2+. Strain NR-70, a mutant lacking the Mg2+-ATPase, was unable to synthesize ATP using an artificially imposed membrane potential. Additionally, the Mg2+-ATPase was found to contain tightly bound ATP.
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PMID:Adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis energized by an artificially imposed membrane potential in membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. 0 30

Membrane vesicles from Azotobacter vinelandii O prepared by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts in tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane/acetate buffer (pH 7.8) contain a latent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The ATPase can be activated when the vesicles are incubated in the presence of an electron donor (D-lactate) and a mixture of adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate or by controlled treatment with trypsin. After the ATPase is activated, the membrane vesicles in the presence of adenosine triphosphate accumulate calcium but not glucose or rubidium (in the presence of valinomycin). ATP-dependent calcium uptake follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 48 muM and a Vmax of 20 nmol/min/mg of membrane protein and is highly specific for calcium over cations magnesium, barium, lanthanum, sodium, potassium, and lithium. The calcium accumulated in the presence of ATP is freely exchangeable with external calcium and is rapidly released in the presenceof uncouplers or ATPase inhibitors. Calcium uptake in the presenceof ATP is blocked by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, ADP, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, by the proton-conducting ionophores m-chlorophenylcarbonylcyanide hydrazone, nigericin, monensin, and gramicidin D, but not by potassium cyanide, anoxia, or valinomycin (in the presence of potassium). Measurements of the external pH of vesicle suspensions reveal that protons are actively taken up by the membranes during hydrolysis of ATP. These results suggest that vesicles prepared under these conditions have a topology which is inverted with respect to the intact cell and that calcium is accumulated by means of proton antiport.
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PMID:ATP-dependent calcium transport in isolated membrane vesicles from Azotobacter vinelandii. 0 92

Studies into the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenates of liver, cerebral cortex, renal cortex, and mucosa of small intestine of swine have shown differentiated activity patterns, with peak activity developing in the liver. This has been related to a particularly high metabolism performance of the liver in fattening pigs. No difference was found to exist between magnesium activation of ATPase of swine tissue homogenates and that in tissue obtained from ruminants. ATPase which could be activated by sodium and potassium ions and inhibited by ouabain was detectable from cerebral and renal cortex. Sodium and potassium ATPases accounts from some 25 per cent of the total activity. ATPase that could be stimulated by calcium ions was recorded only from liver homogenate. The optimum pH values of ATPase were between 7.5 and 8 in the liver, 9 in mucosa of small intestine, and 9.5 in cerebral and renal cortex.
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PMID:[The activity and properties of adenosine triphosphatase in various swine organs (liver, cerebral and kidney cortex, small intestinal mucosa)]. 1 Aug 70

1. Guanylate cyclase of every fraction studied showed an absolute requirement for Mn2+ ions for optimal activity; with Mg2+ or Ca2+ reaction was barely detectable. Triton X-100 stimulated the particulate enzyme much more than the supernatant enzyme and solubilized the particulate-enzyme activity. 2. Substantial amounts of guanylate cyclase were recovered with the washed particulate fractions of cardiac muscle (63-98%), skeletal muscle (77-93%), cerebral cortex (62-88%) and liver (60-75%) of various species. The supernatants of these tissues contained 7-38% of total activities. In frog heart, the bulk of guanylate cyclase was present in the supernatant fluid. 3. Plasma-membrane fractions contained 26, 21, 22 and 40% respectively of the total homogenate guanylate cyclase activities present in skeletal muscle (rabbit), cardiac muscle (guinea pig), liver (rat) and cerebral cortex (rat). In each case, the specific activity of this enzyme in plasma membranes showed a five- to ten-fold enrichment when compared with homogenate specific activity. 4. These results suggest that guanylate cyclase, like adenylate cyclase, and ouabain-sensitive Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), is associated with the surface membranes of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, liver and cerebral cortex; however, considerable activities are also present in the supernatant fractions of these tissues which contain very little adenylate cyclase or ouabain-sensitive Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase activities.
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PMID:Guanylate cyclase. Subcellular distribution in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, cerebral cortex and liver. 1 Aug 90

The effects of monovalent cations on calcium uptake by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum have been clarified. Homogenization of muscle tissue in salt-containing solutions leads to contamination of this subcellular fraction with actomyosin and mitochondrial membranes. When, in addition, inorganic cations are contributed by the microsomal suspension and in association with nucleotide triphosphate substrates there is an apparent inhibition of the calcium transport system by potassium and other cations. However, when purified preparations were obtained after homogenization in sucrose medium followed by centrifugation on a sucrose density gradient in a zonal rotor, calcium uptake and the associated adenosine triphosphatase activity were considerably activated by potassium and other univalent cations. When plotted against the log of the free calcium concentration there was only a slight increase in calcium uptake and ATPase activity in the absence of potassium ions but sigmoid-shaped curves were obtained in 100 mM K+ with half-maximal stimulation occurring at 2 muM Ca2+ for both calcium uptake and ATPase activity. The augmentation in calcium uptake was not due to an ionic strength effect as Tris cation at pH 6.6 was shown to be inactive in this respect. Other monovalent cations were effective in the order K+ greater than Na+ greater than NH4+=Rb+=Cs+ greater than Li+ with half-maximal stimulation in 11 mM K+, 16 mM Na+, 25 mM NH4+, Rb+, and Cs+ and in 50 mM Li+. There was nos synergistic action between K+ AND Na+ ions and both calcium uptak and associated ATPase were insensitive to ouabain. Thallous ions stimulate many K+-requiring enzymes and at one-tenth the concentration were nearly as effective as K+ ions in promoting calcium uptake. The ratio of Ca2+ ions transported to P1 released remained unchanged at 2 after addition of K+ ions indicating an effect on the rate of calcium uptake rather than an increased efficiency of uptake. In support of this it was found that during the stimulation of calcium uptake by Na+ ions there was a reduction in the steady state concentration of phosphorylated intermediate formed from [gamma-32P]ATP. It is considered that there is a physiological requirement for potassium ions in the relaxation process.
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PMID:Caclium uptake and associated adenosine triphosphatase activity in fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Requirement for potassium ions. 1 56

We describe a simplified technique for the histochemical determination of three fiber types from a single section of skeletal muscle. Preincubation in a solution of formaldehyde, glycine, and calcium followed by routine myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) incubation clearly differentiates type I, type IIA, and IIB fibers in human, rat, rabbit, and porcine muscle. In addition, glycine-formaldehyde-calcium preincubation offers better preservation of cytoarchitecture and standardization of incubation time.
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PMID:Simultaneous determination of skeletal muscle fiber, types I, IIA, and IIB by histochemistry. 1 7

The effect of inhibitors and uncouplers on the osmotic shock-sensitive transport systems for glutamine and galactose (by the beta-methyl galactoside permease) was compared to their effect on the osmotic shock-resistant proline and galactose permease systems in cytochrome-deficient cells of Salmonella typhimurium SASY28. Both osmotic shock-sensitive and -resistant systems were sensitive to uncouplers and to inhibitors of the membrane-bound Ca2+, Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase. This suggests that uptake by both types of systems is energized in these cells by an electrochemical gradient of protons formed by ATP hydrolysis through the ATPase.
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PMID:Energetics of galactose, proline, and glutamine transport in a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. 2 79

The localization of alkaline phosphatases in dentinogenically active rat incisor odontoblasts was studied by means of subcellular fractionation and electron microscopical histochemistry. Subcellular fractionation revealed the predominant phosphatase activity to be present in the microsome fraction and to a lesser extent in the mitochondrial fraction. Adenosine triphosphate degrading enzyme activity was determined in the presence or absence of (+/-)-6(m-bromophenyl)-5, 6-dihydroimidazo(le) (2,1-b) thiazole oxalate (R 8231). Before the histochemical study, the effects on phosphatase activities by aldehyde fixation were studied by biochemical assay. A method of fixation for optimal preservation of phosphatase activity is presented. Phosphatase electron microscopic histochemistry was performed by using ATP as a substrate and with or without addition of the inhibitor R 82319 Precipitates were seen in the membranes of vesicles present in the odontoblast process and the Golgi region. When there were signs of insufficient fixation, precipitates were also seen in the outer membranes of mitochondria. No phosphatase activity was seen in the cell membrane. ATP degrading enzyme activities mediated by nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (APase) and Ca2+ -adenosine triphosphatase thus have the same morphological localization. This close association is consistent with earlier biochemical studies.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatases in rat incisor odontoblasts. 2 17


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