Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20020 (adenosine triphosphatase)
 3,299 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats were coexposed to lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) through drinking water and intraperitoneally, respectively, for a period of 21 days. Neurochemical studies in these rats showed significant reduction in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase, cytochrome-c-oxidase, diaphorase and in the levels of biogenic amines in the rats simultaneously exposed to the two metals compared to either of the metal alone. These neurotoxic effects were not related to the contents of either of the metals in the brain since their accumulation after combined exposure was much less than observed after individual exposure to Pb or Cu.
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PMID:Neurochemical changes in rats coexposed to lead and copper. 628 90

A comparison was made of muscle from two locations in both the longissimus and the semitendinous muscles of normal and malignant hyperthermia-susceptible swine. Serial frozen sections were stained for alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), phosphorylase, and the oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-diaphorase. Myofiber types were identified on the basis of these staining reactions. There was no consistent statistically significant difference between muscle from normal and muscle from susceptible swine with any system of fiber classification. This is contrary to several published reports but consistent with physiologic studies which indicate that both oxidative and glycolytic pathways are abnormally active during the onset of malignant hyperthermia.
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PMID:Histochemical observations on muscle from normal and malignant hyperthermia-susceptible swine. 644 66

Parallel stereo- and cytospectrophotometric examinations of human myocardial capillaries, 20-60 min after biological death were carried out. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and NAD-diaphorase in the capillary wall in relation to the sex and age in cardiovascular pathology, renal diseases and leukemias were studied. The permeability and level of energy supply of transendothelial transport were found to depend on the kind of the main pathological process and type of death. According to the parameters under study, the functional state of the capillary network of the myocardium in atherosclerosis with or without its combination with hypertension and also in secondary renal hypertension is described.
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PMID:[Stereological characteristics and enzymatic activity of myocardial capillaries in different variants of pathology and death (data from immediate autopsies)]. 686 Jan 68

A description is provided of the fiber-type composition of several hindlimb muscles of the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. In addition, cross-section areas of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross-section area (wCSA) occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Seven muscles were selected for study, based on their suitability for future neurophysiological analysis as components of the segmental motor system, and on their homologies with muscles in other vertebrates. The test muscles were iliofibularis (ILF), ambiens (AMB), external gastrocnemius (EG), extensor digitorum communis (EDC), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and peroneus anterior (PA). Serial sections of these muscles were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH-diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), thereby enabling fiber-type classification on the basis of indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism. All muscles contained three fiber types: slow oxidative (SO; possibly including some non-twitch tonic fibers); fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG); and fast glycolytic (Fg). There were at least 30% FOG and 50% FOG + Fg fibers in the seven muscles, the extreme distributions being the predominantly glycolytic ILF vs. the predominantly oxidative FDL muscle (ILF--15.5% SO, 35.2% FOG, 49.3% Fg vs. FDL--49.1% SO, 41.1% FOG, 9.8% Fg). As in other species, the test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration (compartmentalization) of the different fiber types. This feature was most striking in ILF. Pronounced compartmentalization was also observed in AMB, EG, PA, TA, and EDC, whereas the distribution of fiber types in the highly oxidative FDL was homogeneous. In five of the seven muscles, fiber size was ranked with Fg > FOG > SO. In terms of wCSA, which provides a coarse-grain measure of the different fiber types' potential contribution to whole muscle peak force, all muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-section area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type composition. The largest relative increase in wCSA vs. fiber-type composition were in the ILF and AMB muscles. We conclude that the turtle hindlimb provides some interesting possibilities for testing for a division of labor among different muscles during different movements (e.g., sustained vs. ballistic), and for study of the behavior of the different fiber (and motor unit) types under normal and perturbed conditions. The relationships between the present results and previous findings on homologous muscles of the mammalian (cat, rat) and reptilian (lizard) hindlimb are discussed.
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PMID:Fiber-type composition of hindlimb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. 766 37

Muscle biopsies for histochemical and ultrastructural analysis were obtained from seven critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the "Domingo Luciani" Hospital, Caracas, Venezuela. The sample included two patients with sepsis of abdominal origin, and five that presented sepsis/MOFS, with renal, hepatic, and respiratory disturbances and muscular weakness. Sections were examined for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) after pre-incubation with both acid buffer (pH 4.37 and 4.6) and alkaline buffer (pH 10.3), for reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide diaphorase (NADHd), and for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH). Sections were stained with hematoxilin and eosin to look for pathological changes and examined with a transmission electron microscope. Skeletal muscle of patients in early stage of sepsis showed a normal aspect with light microscopy, but at the ultrastructural level some of the fibres showed atrophy and some capillaries looked altered. Patients with sepsis/MOFS exhibited an evident muscle disorder with oedema, infiltrate, atrophy and segmental necrosis. All fibre types showed decrease in diameter; specially fibre types IIA and IIB. Intramuscular capillaries were thickened and occluded, indexes of capillarity were slightly reduced, and fibre oxidative activity was decreased. At ultrastructural level fibres showed severe atrophy, contractile system disorganization and segmental necrosis. Capillaries were also altered and the mononuclear cell infiltrate was abundant and represented by macrophages, lymphocytes and mastocytes.
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PMID:Histochemical and ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle in patients with sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS). 947 42

THE ALDEHYDES INTRODUCED IN THIS PAPER AND THE MORE APPROPRIATE CONCENTRATIONS FOR THEIR GENERAL USE AS FIXATIVES ARE: 4 to 6.5 per cent glutaraldehyde, 4 per cent glyoxal, 12.5 per cent hydroxyadipaldehyde, 10 per cent crotonaldehyde, 5 per cent pyruvic aldehyde, 10 per cent acetaldehyde, and 5 per cent methacrolein. These were prepared as cacodylate- or phosphate-buffered solutions (0.1 to 0.2 M, pH 6.5 to 7.6) that, with the exception of glutaraldehyde, contained sucrose (0.22 to 0.55 M). After fixation of from 0.5 hour to 24 hours, the blocks were stored in cold (4 degrees C) buffer (0.1 M) plus sucrose (0.22 M). This material was used for enzyme histochemistry, for electron microscopy (both with and without a second fixation with 1 or 2 per cent osmium tetroxide) after Epon embedding, and for the combination of the two techniques. After fixation in aldehyde, membranous differentiations of the cell were not apparent and the nuclear structure differed from that commonly observed with osmium tetroxide. A postfixation in osmium tetroxide, even after long periods of storage, developed an image that-notable in the case of glutaraldehyde-was largely indistinguishable from that of tissues fixed under optimal conditions with osmium tetroxide alone. Aliesterase, acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase, and DPNH and TPNH diaphorase activities were demonstrable histochemically after most of the fixatives. Cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphatase were retained after hydroxyaldipaldehyde and, to a lesser extent, after glyoxal fixation. The final product of the activity of several of the above-mentioned enzymes was localized in relation to the fine structure. For this purpose the double fixation procedure was used, selecting in each case the appropriate aldehyde.
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PMID:Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. 1397 66

A description is provided of the ratio of slow-tonic vs. slow- and fast-twitch fibers for five muscles in the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. The cross-sectional area of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross-sectional area occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Two hindlimb muscles (flexor digitorum longus, FDL; external gastrocnemius, EG) were selected on the basis of their suitability for future motor-unit studies. Three neck muscles (the fourth head of testo-cervicis, TeC4; the fourth head of retrahens capitus collique, RCCQ4; transversalis cervicis, TrC) were chosen for their progressively decreasing oxidative capacity. Serial sections were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH-diaphorase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH). Conventional fiber-type classification was then performed using indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism: i.e., slow oxidative (SO, including slow-twitch and possibly slow-tonic fibers), fast-twitch, oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), and fast-twitch glycolytic (Fg) fibers. Slow-tonic fibers in the SO class were then revealed by directing the monoclonal antibody, ALD-58 (raised against the slow-tonic fiber myosin heavy chain of chicken anterior latissimus dorsi), to additional muscle cross sections. All five of the tested muscles contained the four fiber types, with the ATPase-stained fibers including both slow-tonic and slow-twitch fibers. The extreme distributions of SO fibers were in the predominately glycolytic TrC vs. the predominately oxidative TeC4 muscle (TrC-SO, 9%; FOG, 20%; Fg, 71% vs. TeC4-SO, 58%: FOG, 16%; Fg, 25%). Across the five muscles, the relative prevalence of slow-tonic fibers (4-47%) paralleled that of the SO fibers (9-58%). TeC4 had the highest prevalence of slow-tonic fibers (47%). The test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration of each fiber type, with the distribution of slow-tonic fibers paralleling that of the SO fibers. In the five test muscles, fiber cross-sectional area was usually ranked Fg > FOG > SO, and slow-twitch always > slow-tonic. In terms of weighted cross-sectional area, which provides a coarse-grain measure of each fiber type's potential contribution to whole muscle force, all five muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-sectional area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type prevalence. This was also the case for the slow-twitch vs. slow-tonic fibers. We conclude that slow-tonic fibers are widespread in turtle muscle. The weighted cross-sectional area evidence suggested, however, that their contribution to force generation is minor except in highly oxidative muscles, with a special functional role, like TeC4. There is discussion of: 1) the relationship between the present results and previous work on homologous neck and hindlimb muscles in other nonmammalian species, and 2) the potential motoneuronal innervation of slow-tonic fibers in turtle hindlimb muscles.
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PMID:Slow-tonic muscle fibers and their potential innervation in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. 1573 49


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