Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20020 (adenosine triphosphatase)
 3,299 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The reconstituted glycolytic system described previously (Scopes, 1973) was used to simulate post-mortem glycolytic metabolism in muscle. The effects of the following factors have been investigated: ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) amount, AMP deaminase amount, percentage of the phosphorylase in the a form and the effect of diluting the glycolytic enzyme complex as a whole. It was confirmed that the rate of metabolism was solely dependent on the amount of ATPase present and that various concentrations of the glycolytic enzymes had no effect over a wide range encompassing the variation found in anatomically different muscles. The extent of metabolism, represented by the value of the ;ultimate' pH, depended markedly on the amount of phosphorylase in the a form; as little as 1% of the a form resulted in a considerably lower pH than in its absence. To a lesser extent the amount of AMP deaminase also affected the ultimate pH, but this was probably only significant for comparisons of genetically distinct muscles with widely differing amounts of AMP deaminase. The reconstituted system behaved almost identically with regard to post-mortem glycolytic metabolism compared with intact muscle tissue. It is concluded that the controlling effectors found with the reconstituted system apply to intact muscle also.
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PMID:Studies with a reconstituted muscle glycolytic system. The rate and extent of glycolysis in simulated post-mortem conditions. 428 Mar 4

The histochemical pattern of muscle fiber types of the longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris muscles was investigated in normal and splaylegged piglets at birth and seven days later. Only slight differences between the muscle fibers at birth were found using histochemical reactions for alkaline adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphorylase (PH) activities, and for the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. With the method for acid-preincubated ATPase activity, high activity was observed in Type I muscle fibers and low activity in Type II muscle fibers in animals of both groups investigated. However, a higher number of Type I fibers was found in muscles of normal piglets, suggesting a faster and more advanced process of transformation of Type II into Type I muscle fibers in unaffected animals. Thus the histochemical conversion appears to be retarded in muscles of splaylegged animals, which have a histochemical pattern similar to that of normal prenatal animals. Cholinesterase activity in motor endplates was well developed; its staining revealed smaller sized and irregularly arranged endplates in muscles of affected piglets. Fiber type differentiation in muscles of animals which recovered from splayleg becomes fully developed and comparable to normal piglets seven days after birth. The number of fibers which became converted from Type II to Type I was increased; the fiber types were differentiated with regard to the PAS reaction and to their ATPase, SDH and PH activities. Morphological features of motor endplates in muscles of normal and surviving splaylegged piglets are similar. Histochemical investigation of the fiber type differentiation thus suggests that full recovery occurs within the first week of postnatal life in muscles affected by pathological changes accompanying splayleg.
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PMID:Histochemical patterns in normal and splaylegged piglet muscle fibers. 644 32

A comparison was made of muscle from two locations in both the longissimus and the semitendinous muscles of normal and malignant hyperthermia-susceptible swine. Serial frozen sections were stained for alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), phosphorylase, and the oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-diaphorase. Myofiber types were identified on the basis of these staining reactions. There was no consistent statistically significant difference between muscle from normal and muscle from susceptible swine with any system of fiber classification. This is contrary to several published reports but consistent with physiologic studies which indicate that both oxidative and glycolytic pathways are abnormally active during the onset of malignant hyperthermia.
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PMID:Histochemical observations on muscle from normal and malignant hyperthermia-susceptible swine. 644 66

The morphology of the tongue muscles was studied by in situ dissection as well as by histological and histochemical methods. By means of the latter an anatomical reassessment of attachments and fiber courses was made. The histochemistry was studied in sections stained for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase), succinic dehydrogenase, NADH diaphorase, phosphorylase, esterase, glycogen and lipids. Fibers of type I and type II were identified, and the latter were subdivided into II1 (highly glycolytic), II12 (intermediately glycolytic and lipolytic) and II123 (highly lipolytic). In the extrinsic muscles, the fibers were 19-25% type I (mean diameter 27 micrometers) and 75-81% type II (37 micrometers); the three type II subgroups appeared in equal proportions, each accounting for 22-30% of the total fiber amount. Pars longitudinalis superior m. hyoglossi and pars longitudinalis inferior m. styloglossi contained only type II fibers, mainly type II12 (67% and 46%, respectively), of diameters like those in m. hyoglossus and m. styloglossus. The intrinsic muscles also consisted entirely of type II fibers (23 micrometers). II123 fibers predominated in m. verticalis (83%), which has only 10% H12 and 6% II1, whereas the fiber composition of m. transversus was more balanced: 37% type II1, 32% II12 and 31% II123.
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PMID:Morphological and histochemical properties of tongue muscles in cat. 645 24

As demonstrated previously, liver acini draining the blood from intraportally transplanted pancreatic islets in streptozotocin-diabetic rats are altered in various respects. The hepatocytes in these acini store glycogen and/or fat, and they show an increase in proliferation as well as in apoptotic activity. Thus, they are phenotypically similar to carcinogen-induced preneoplastic liver foci (glycogen-storing foci and sometimes also mixed cell foci). By means of catalytic enzyme histochemistry or immunohistochemistry, we investigated the activity of key enzymes of alternative pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and some additional marker enzymes (well known from studies on preneoplastic hepatic foci) in the altered liver acini surrounding the islet isografts. In addition, the expression of glucose transporter proteins 1 and 2 (GLUT-1 and GLUT-2) were investigated immunohistochemically. The activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were increased, whereas the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, adenylate cyclase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase were decreased in the altered liver acini. The expression of GLUT-2 was also decreased. GLUT-1 and glutathione S-transferase placental form were not expressed, and the activities of glycogen synthase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase remained unchanged. All changes of the enzyme activities were in line with the well known effects of insulin and resembled alterations characteristic of preneoplastic liver foci observed in different models of hepatocarcinogenesis. It remains to be clarified in long-term experiments whether or not these foci represent preneoplastic lesions and may proceed to neoplasia.
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PMID:Altered liver acini induced in diabetic rats by portal vein islet isografts resemble preneoplastic hepatic foci in their enzymic pattern. 864 65

Although the submandibular gland of ferret is useful for studying salivary secretory processes which are regulated by nerves and involve myoepithelial activity, little attention has been paid to its parenchymal innervation and myoepithelial arrangements. Therefore, glands obtained postmortem from mature ferrets of both sexes were here examined with the use of light-microscopic histochemical techniques for cholinesterases, phosphatases and phosphorylase, histofluorescence for catecholamines, and milling dyes. Acetylcholinesterase staining was associated with nerve trunks in the interlobular stroma and an extensive intralobular network of nerve fibres, presumably of a cholinergic type, embracing acini and ducts. There were fewer fibres containing fluorescing catecholamines, presumably adrenergic. They were largely associated with acini. Numerous stellate cells with fine branching processes embracing acini, presumably myoepithelial cells, and a few spindle-shaped basal cells, investing striated ducts, were demonstrated on frozen tissue by alkaline phosphatase, but not by adenosine triphosphatase, inosine diphosphatase and phosphorylase. Cells of similar shape and distribution were also demonstrated by staining with milling dyes on fixed tissues, indicating possibly a filamentous constituent conferring mechanical stability and/or contractile ability. Together, these results suggest, firstly, that a cholinergic-type parenchymal innervation is prominent in the submandibular gland of ferret, although many adrenergic nerves are also present, and, secondly that the gland has a very extensive myoepithelial network which is possibly involved in membrane transport, and the support and or contraction of the secretory parenchyma.
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PMID:Innervation and myoepithelial arrangements in the submandibular salivary gland of ferret investigated by enzyme, catecholamine and filament histochemistry. 1066 82

Mercury intoxication has been associated with male reproductive toxicity in experimental animals and mercury may have the potential to produce adverse effects on fertility in men. Vitamin E may protect against toxic effects of mercury in the liver and other tissues. To investigate the protective role of vitamin E against mercuric chloride toxicity for the testis, epididymis, and vas deferens of adult male mice, animals were treated with either mercuric chloride 1.25 mg/kg/day, vitamin E 2 mg/kg/kg, or a combination of the two treatments. Control animals were treated with water. Treatments were administered by daily gavage for 45 days. An additional group of animals treated with mercuric chloride were permitted to recover for 45 days after mercuric chloride treatments. Parameters studied included serum testosterone, epididymal sperm count, motility, and morphology, epididymal and vas deferens adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), phosphorylase, sialic acid, glycogen and protein, testicular succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphatases, cholesterol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione. Fertility was evaluated by sperm positive vaginal smears after overnight cohabitation with a female. Mercuric chloride produced a reduction in epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm viability, and there were no sperm-positive smears in this group. Biochemical tests from the male reproductive organs were also altered by mercuric chloride treatment. Coadministration of vitamin E with mercuric chloride prevented the changes in sperm and biochemical parameters and was associated with control rates of sperm positive smears after cohabitation. Animals given vitamin E with mercuric chloride also had lower concentrations of mercury in the testis, epididimyis, and vas deferens. Permitting animals to recover for 45 days after mercuric chloride treatment resulted in partial recovery of sperm and biochemical parameters. Vitamin E cotreatment has a protective role against mercury-induced male reproductive toxicity.
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PMID:Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. 1173 24

The aim of this study was to examine the nature of fibre-type redistribution in relation to fibre metabolic profile in the vastus lateralis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COPD subtypes. Fifteen COPD patients (eight with emphysema stratified by high-resolution computed tomography) and 15 healthy control subjects were studied. A combination of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase staining and immunohistochemistry was used to identify pure, as well as hybrid fibre types. For oxidative capacity, fibres were stained for cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, and glycogen phosphorylase for glycolytic capacity. The proportion of type-I fibres in COPD patients was markedly lower (16% versus 42%), especially in emphysema, and the proportion of hybrid fibres was higher (29% versus 16%) compared to controls. The proportion of fibres staining positive for oxidative enzymes was lower in COPD patients, which correlated with the proportion of type-I fibres. In COPD oxidative capacity was lower within IIA fibres. The authors conclude that fibre-type transitions are involved in the fibre-type redistribution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Low oxidative capacity is closely related to the proportion of type-I fibres, but an additional reduction of oxidative enzyme activity is present within IIA fibres. Fibre-type abnormalities may be aggravated in emphysema.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle fibre-type shifting and metabolic profile in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 1199 89

The morphological changes in deep pectoral myopathy of broilers have been studied by light- and electron-microscopy and histochemistry from 15 min to 15 months after its experimental induction. Oedema, mild alterations in some organelles and loss of glycogen were present throughout the supracoracoid muscle within 15 min but its anterior region quickly returned to normal. After 1 hour there were ultrastructural indications of the onset of permanent damage to the muscle and its associated vasculature and by 24 hours there was histological and ultrastructural evidence of ischaemic necrosis and glucan phosphorylase and myosin adenosine triphosphatase were reduced. By 3 days phagocytosis was established at the edge of the ischaemic, necrotic muscle and by 9 days there was capsule formation and active muscle regeneration in this location. Grossly the muscle now had the green periphery and pink interior characteristic of the naturally-occurring myopathy and it subsequently became of drier consistency. At the 3rd week atrophic muscle fibres were seen in the caudal region and by the 6th week this part had become an attenuated band of fibro-adipose tissue containing sparse groups of atrophic muscle fibres. There were morphological indications of reduced numbers of nerve fibres in this region. By the 6th month the atrophic region was unchanged and phagocytosis and overall regeneration had become quiescent. Thus, although regeneration was initially active, the extensive destruction in experimental myopathy was never completely replaced by new muscle.
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PMID:The sequence of pathological events in deep pectoral myopathy of broilers. 1877 Jan 23

The effect of melatonin on the neurotoxicity induced by mercuric chloride was studied. Adult rats were fed orally with two different doses of mercuric chloride (2 mg; 4 mg/kg body weight) to evaluate brain toxicity with respect to cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata regions for 60 days with or without supplementation with melatonin (5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. The results suggest that the graded doses of mercury elicit the depletion of enzymatic activities, such as adenosine triphosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, altered glycogen, total protein, and lipid peroxidation levels in the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata of the brain, thereby affecting their respective functions. Blood glucose and mercury levels increased, followed by a reduction in body and organ weights. All these effects seemed to be severe in the cerebral hemisphere of the brain. Further affected indices were, to some extent, maintained in the brain of animals cotreated with melatonin, showing its protective role against mercury-exerted neurotoxicity.
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PMID:Melatonin protection on mercury-exerted brain toxicity in the rat. 2030 47


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