Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17931 (galectin-3)
 2,860 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mechanisms contributing to the proliferation and differentiation of antigen-presenting cell (APC) precursors upon antigen stimulation or tissue injury are poorly understood. Herein, we report the induction of a population of dendritic cell-like cells (DLC) with potent antigen-presentation function from unfractionated spleen cells by means of repetitive allostimulation in long-term mixed leucocyte cultures (LT-MLC). Initially, only a few adherent DLC were observed. By 4-6 weeks, however, there were large numbers of DLC which survived persistently. Features of these DLC are closely related to dendritic cells (DC), including (1) dendritic, veiled or spiny-processed morphology; (2) expression of a wide array of leucocyte surface markers including DC-associated or restricted antigens: 33D1, NLDC-145, CD11c (N418), heat-stable antigen (HSA), CD44, B7-1 and B7-2; (3) ability to migrate to draining lymph nodes and white pulp area of spleen; (4) expression of high level of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules and (5) more potent mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR)-stimulating capacity than peritoneal macrophages and APC-enriched spleen cells. DLC-stimulated MLR was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to B7-1, B7-2, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), leucocyte-function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) or very-late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4) by 30-55%. When maintained for more than 2 months, the DLC did not lose their MLR-stimulating activity, but many surface markers were down-regulated except for Mac-2 and VCAM-1, which remained stable or were up-regulated, respectively. In short-term culture, the addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin (IL)-2 enhanced proliferation of DLC, while tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-4 did not. IL-4 suppressed not only 'spontaneous', but also GM-CSF-enhanced proliferation, suggesting that cytokines play a differential role in DLC proliferation. These results confirm that professional APC can proliferate in response to repetitive antigen stimulation, and their proliferation is differentially regulated by cytokines. A comparison study of DLC with typical DC is being carried out in our laboratory.
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PMID:Generation of dendritic cell-like antigen-presenting cells in long-term mixed leucocyte culture: phenotypic and functional studies. 920 77

Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles, secreted by various cell types, present in biological fluids that are particularly rich in membrane proteins. Ex vivo analysis of exosomes may provide biomarker discovery platforms and form non-invasive tools for disease diagnosis and monitoring. These vesicles have never before been studied in the context of bladder cancer, a major malignancy of the urological tract. We present the first proteomics analysis of bladder cancer cell exosomes. Using ultracentrifugation on a sucrose cushion, exosomes were highly purified from cultured HT1376 bladder cancer cells and verified as low in contaminants by Western blotting and flow cytometry of exosome-coated beads. Solubilization in a buffer containing SDS and DTT was essential for achieving proteomics analysis using an LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF MS approach. We report 353 high quality identifications with 72 proteins not previously identified by other human exosome proteomics studies. Overrepresentation analysis to compare this data set with previous exosome proteomics studies (using the ExoCarta database) revealed that the proteome was consistent with that of various exosomes with particular overlap with exosomes of carcinoma origin. Interrogating the Gene Ontology database highlighted a strong association of this proteome with carcinoma of bladder and other sites. The data also highlighted how homology among human leukocyte antigen haplotypes may confound MASCOT designation of major histocompatability complex Class I nomenclature, requiring data from PCR-based human leukocyte antigen haplotyping to clarify anomalous identifications. Validation of 18 MS protein identifications (including basigin, galectin-3, trophoblast glycoprotein (5T4), and others) was performed by a combination of Western blotting, flotation on linear sucrose gradients, and flow cytometry, confirming their exosomal expression. Some were confirmed positive on urinary exosomes from a bladder cancer patient. In summary, the exosome proteomics data set presented is of unrivaled quality. The data will aid in the development of urine exosome-based clinical tools for monitoring disease and will inform follow-up studies into varied aspects of exosome manufacture and function.
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PMID:Proteomics analysis of bladder cancer exosomes. 2022 11