Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nereidid Nereis (Neanthes) virens undergoes drastic behavioural, morphological and physiological changes during its sexual maturation (epitoky). This metamorphosis prepares benthic worms for a brief pelagic existence devoted to mating although in N. virens only mature males leave their burrows to swarm. After spawning, individuals of both sexes die. Specific adjustments of energy metabolism pathway allowing higher muscular activity and swimming capacity remain to be eluded. This study compared atokous worms (immature) and epitokous (mature) swimming males and benthic females of N. virens to detect metabolic changes that could occur during epitoky. Epitokous males showed significantly higher electron transport system, citrate synthase and aspartate aminotransferase activities (p<0.01) and significantly lower lactate dehydrogenase activity (p<0.01) compared to atokous worms and epitokous females. There was no difference in antioxidant enzyme capacities between epitokes and atokes. Lipase and trypsin activities were significantly lower (p<0.01) in epitokous males. The enzymatic changes observed are likely related to the metabolic adjustments required to support higher swimming abilities. Maintenance of antioxidant capacities could be related to protection of germinal tissues more than long term survival, since N. virens die after spawning.
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PMID:Epitoky in Nereis (Neanthes) virens (Polychaeta: Nereididae): a story about sex and death. 1794 55

In the present study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacities of ethanol extract of Phellinus merrillii (PM) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the finger print chromatogram of PM was established. Both hispolon and PM showed a similar peak at the retention time of 6 min. This implied that PM did contain the active ingredient of hispolon. Treatment with PM (0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg) prior to the administration of carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg in olive oil, 20%) significantly prevented the increased serum alanine aminotransferase (s-GOT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (s-GPT) in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that the incidences of ballooning degeneration, necrosis and portal triaditis were lowered in the group pretreated with PM. Carbon tetrachloride induces up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) (86.6%), catalase (58.8%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(64.7%) in the liver. Pretreatment with PM significantly reduced the all these antioxidant enzyme activities. Therefore, we verified that ethanol extract of PM has the hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacities on rats.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Ethanol Extract from Phellinus merrillii on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. 1796 19

Penicillin and other antibiotics are routinely incorporated in insect culture media. Although culturing insects in the presence of antibiotics is a decades-old practice, antibiotics can exert deleterious influences on insects. In this article, we test the hypothesis that one of the effects of dietary penicillin is to increase oxidative stress on insects. The effects of penicillin on midgut concentrations of the oxidative stress indicator malondialdehyde (MDA) and on midgut antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione S-transferase [GST], and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) and transaminases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) activities in greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), were investigated. The insects were reared from first instars on artificial diets containing 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 g penicillin per 100 g of diets. MDA content was significantly increased in the midgut tissues of each larval instar reared in the presence of high penicillin concentrations. Activities of antioxidant and transaminase enzymes did not show a consistent pattern with respect to penicillin concentrations in diet or age of larvae. Despite the increased penicillin-induced oxidative stress in gut tissue, antioxidant and transaminase enzymes did not correlate with oxidative stress level or between each other in larvae of other age stages except for the seventh instar. We found a significant negative correlation of MDA content with SOD and GST activities in seventh instars. SOD activity was also negatively correlated with CAT activity in seventh instars. These results suggest that exposure to dietary penicillin resulted in impaired enzymatic antioxidant defense capacity and metabolic functions in wax moth larval midgut tissues and that the resulting oxidative stress impacts midgut digestive physiology.
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PMID:Penicillin-induced oxidative stress: effects on antioxidative response of midgut tissues in instars of Galleria mellonella. 1797 30

In this study, the effect of combination of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (alpha -tocopherol), and selenium (sodium selenate) on ethanol-induced liver and intestine injury in rats was investigated. The ethanol-induced injury was produced by the administration of 1 ml of absolute ethanol to each rats. Animals received vitamin C (250 mg/kg), vitamin E (250 mg/kg), and sodium selenate (Se) (0.5 mg/kg) for 3 days; 1 h after the final antioxidant administration, they were sacrificed. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels, catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GP(x)) activities were determined in liver and intestine tissues. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were determined in liver tissue. Also, CAT activity, urea, creatinine, uric acid, and total lipid levels were determined in serum samples. In the ethanol group, serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and total lipid levels; liver and intestine LDH; liver MPO, AST, ALP, ALT, and GGT activities; and liver and intestine LPO levels increased, whereas serum CAT activity, liver and intestine GSH levels, and CAT, SOD, and GP(x) activities decreased. On the other hand, treatment with vitamin C, vitamin E, and Se reversed these effects. As a result of these findings, we can say that the combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium has a protective effect on ethanol-induced changes in lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and intestine tissues, and in some serum parameters of rats.
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PMID:Combined effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and sodium selenate supplementation on absolute ethanol-induced injury in various organs of rats. 1806 67

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of the phenethyl ester of caffeic acid (CAPE) against carbon tetrachoride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicities in mice. Pretreatment with CAPE prior to administration of CCl(4) significantly prevented the increases in serum alanine, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, hepatic lipid peroxidation formation, and depletion of glutathione content. In addition, CAPE prevented CCl(4)-induced apoptosis and necrosis, as indicated by liver histopathology and DNA laddering studies. To determine whether the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway is involved in CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury, Fas and FasL proteins and caspase-3 and -8 activities were tested by western blotting and ELISA. CAPE markedly decreased CCl(4)-induced Fas/FasL protein expression levels and, in turn, attenuated CCl(4)-induced caspase-3 and -8 activities in mouse liver. Moreover, the effect of CAPE on CYP2E1, the major isozyme involved in CCl(4) bioactivation, was investigated. Treatment with CAPE significantly decreased the CYP2E1-dependent hydroxylation of aniline. In addition, CAPE attenuated the CCl(4)-mediated depletion of antioxidant enzyme (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase) activities. These findings suggest that the protective effects of CAPE against CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury may involve its ability to block CYP2El-mediated CCl(4) bioactivation and to protect against Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis.
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PMID:Protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. 1843 64

Injection of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (DGaIN/LPS) is useful as an experimental model of acute hepatic damage. Juvenile rats were used for investigation. The hepatoprotective activity of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract (AGE) at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 14 days, intraperitoneal (i.p.) prior to the induction of DGalN/LPS, was investigated against DGalN/LPS-induced hepatitis in rats. DGalN/LPS (300 mg/kg body weight/30 microg/kg body weight, i.p.), induced hepatic damage that was manifested by a significant increase in the activities of marker enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT)], bilirubin, lipid peroxides (LPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity level in serum. Also, the lipid profile in serum and liver homogenate including total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids were significantly deteriorated. The antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; reduced glutathione, GSH; catalase, CAT and glutathione peroxidase, GPX) in liver homogenate were significantly decreased in the DGalN/LPS. Pretreatment of rats with AGE reversed these altered parameters near to normal control values. Results of this study revealed that AGE could afford a significant protection in the alleviation of DGalN/LPS-induced hepatic damage.
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PMID:Aqueous garlic extract attenuates hepatitis and oxidative stress induced by galactosamine/lipoploysaccharide in rats. 1857 Feb 25

Pomegranate components have properties that could promote oral health, including reducing the risk of gingivitis. The present study examined young adults (n = 32, split evenly among both genders), for the effects of 4 weeks of thrice daily mouth rinsing with the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract PomElla dissolved in water. This treatment changed salivary measures relevant to oral health including gingivitis. The changes were: reduced total protein (which can correlate with plaque forming bacteria readings), reduced activities of aspartate aminotransferase (an indicator of cell injury), reduced alpha-glucosidase activity (a sucrose degrading enzyme), increased activities of the antioxidant enzyme ceruloplasmin (which could give better protection against oral oxidant stress) and increased radical scavenging capacity (though this increase was significant only by nonparametric statistical analysis). A placebo of cornstarch in water did not affect these measures. These data raise the possibility of using pomegranate extracts in oral health products such as toothpaste and mouthwashes.
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PMID:Pomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measures relevant to gingivitis risk. 1917 Jan 39

In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial effect of mulberry extracts (ME), which are rich in phenolics and anthocyanins, on the induction of antioxidant enzymes and on the promotion of cognition in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP). Six-month old SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.18% and 0.9% ME for consecutive 12 weeks. The results showed that the mice fed the ME supplement demonstrated significantly less amyloid beta protein and showed improved learning and memory ability in avoidance response tests. ME-treated mice showed a higher antioxidant enzyme activity and less lipid oxidation in both the brain and liver, as compared to the control mice. Furthermore, treatment with ME decreased the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride and total cholesterol that increase with ageing. The hepatoprotective effect of ME appeared to occur through a mechanism related to regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases and activation of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2, where the latter regulates the induction of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes and reduction of oxidative damage. Overall, supplementation of ME might be advantageous to the induction of an antioxidant defense system and for the improvement of memory deterioration in ageing animals.
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PMID:Antioxidant and cognitive promotion effects of anthocyanin-rich mulberry (Morus atropurpurea L.) on senescence-accelerated mice and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. 1944 93

This study examined the effects of beta-carotene on antioxidant status in rats with chronic alcohol consumption. At the beginning of experiment (week 0), according to both the plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, rats (n = 24) were divided into 3 groups and fed with a standard diet (group C), a diet containing ethanol (group E), or a diet containing ethanol and beta-carotene (group E+B). After 10 weeks, plasma AST and ALT, fat accumulation in the liver, antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes and the liver, malondialdehyde (MDA), and alpha-tocopherol and retinol in plasma and hepatic samples were analyzed. The chronic alcohol diet significantly increased AST and ALT levels in plasma, and these changes were prevented by supplementing the diet with beta-carotene. Glutathione (GSH) in erythrocytes and in the liver was significantly elevated in rats fed with a diet containing beta-carotene. The results indicate that beta-carotene supplementation can prevent ethanol-induced liver damage and increase GSH concentrations in erythrocytes and the liver.
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PMID:Effects of beta-carotene on antioxidant status in rats with chronic alcohol consumption. 1963 86

Changes in water temperature and salinity are responsible for a variety of physiological stress responses in aquatic organisms. Stress induced by these factors was recently associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which caused oxidative damage. In the present study, we investigated the time-related effects of changes in water temperature and salinity on mRNA expression and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the gills and digestive glands of the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii. To investigate physiological responses, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), lysozyme activity, aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), and alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) were measured in the hemolymph. Water temperature and salinity changes significantly increased antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression and activity in the digestive glands and gills in a time-dependent manner. H(2)O(2) concentrations increased significantly in the high-temperature and hyposalinity treatments. LPO, AspAT and AlaAT levels also increased significantly in a time-dependent manner, while lysozyme activity decreased. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes play important roles in reducing oxidative stress in ark shells exposed to changes in water temperature and salinity.
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PMID:Activity of antioxidant enzymes and physiological responses in ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii, exposed to thermal and osmotic stress: effects on hemolymph and biochemical parameters. 1978 26


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