Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between nitrogen assimilation, metabolism and aflatoxin formation has been investigated in a toxigenic and a non-toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. Ammonia from the medium is mainly assimilated via NADP-requiring glutamate dehydrogenase. During growth NAD-requiring glutamate dehydrogenase followed an inverse pattern of activity with respect to NADP glutamate dehydrogenase. Alpha-ketoglutarate, the product of NAD glutamate dehydrogenase, stimulated acetate incorporation into aflatoxins. Glutamine synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, both utilizing glutamate as substrate were assayed under different growth conditions. An important regulatory role for glutamine synthetase is suggested. The metabolic route of asparagine utilization was also investigated. Both the known pathways, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase are operative simultaneously.
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PMID:Nitrogen metabolism in Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 3240 and A. flavus NRRL 3537 in relation to aflatoxin production. 287 96

Primary cultured rat hepatocytes were used to study the cytotoxicity of sodium valproate (VPA). Cytotoxicity was monitored by measurement of leakage of intracellular enzymes into the culture medium: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT). The effects of D,L-carnitine and albumin administration on the cytotoxicity were evaluated. LDH leakage rose with an increasing dose of VPA. Administrations of D,L-carnitine and albumin reduced VPA hepatotoxicity. Our data suggest that VPA-induced hepatotoxicity is dose-related and may be modulated by serum carnitine and albumin levels.
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PMID:Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of sodium valproate on primary cultured rat hepatocytes. 314 9

The clinical pathology of Schistosoma curassoni infection in sheep and goats was studied for 22 weeks following experimental infection with 7000 and 4000 cercariae, respectively. Excretion of eggs began at week 7 after infection: in goats the numbers increased to 30 to 50 eggs per gram faeces (epg) at weeks 8 to 18, followed by a reduction. In a pregnant goat, epg values increased markedly before and after parturition. The mean faecal egg counts in sheep were lower than in goats, increasing to a maximum level of 30 epg at weeks 16 and 17 after infection. Infected sheep maintained growth rates roughly comparable with controls, whereas infected goats failed to gain as much weight as the controls. Infected goats and sheep produced eosinophil counts of about 3 x 10(3) mm-3, five and eight weeks after infection, respectively. Sheep developed a progressive anaemia from week 11 after infection, in goats blood values remained within normal limits. Differences in serum protein concentration were observed between infected and uninfected goats about nine weeks after infection, but not in sheep. Increased total protein values, hyperglobulinaemia and lowered albumin to globulin ratios were features of infected goats. Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin were not significantly changed. The mean recovery in sheep was 608 worms, in goats 428 worms, but the total tissue egg counts were higher in the latter. Of the total eggs deposited in the goats 92 per cent were found in the liver with 51.5 per cent in the ovine liver. The histopathological changes were studied.
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PMID:Clinical pathology of experimental Schistosoma curassoni infections in sheep and goats. 340 25

Removal of the corpora allata from the emerging female adults of L. grandis caused a rapid and significant increase in the contents of total carbohydrate, glycogen, total lipids, cholesterol, total proteins and RNA in the fat body, and a significant drop in the contents of trehalose free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids, free amino acids (FAA) and also in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and exterase in the fat body, in comparison with the sham-operated controls. Treatment with juvenile hormone analogue (JHa) of the allatectomized insects significantly reverses the effects produced by allatectomy (P less than or equal to 0.01). Similarly, removal of the brain produced similar responses in the fat-body but with some exceptions such as the decrease of total protein and RNA and increase significant of FAA as compared to the sham-operated controls. Simultaneous removal of corpora-allata and brain produces a rapid increase in the contents of total carbohydrate, glycogen, total lipid, cholesterol, FAA and the activity of acid phosphatase in comparison with all other treatments performed in this study, while the contents of trehalose, phospholipid, FFA, total protein, RNA and the activity of GOT, GPT, general esterase and alkaline phosphatase in the fat-body decreased compared to all other treatments. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the neuro-endocrine control of metabolism in insects.
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PMID:Role of corpora-allata and brain of adult female Lohita grandis gray. 370 75

The effects of the administration of tryptophan and/or cysteine on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury were investigated. Rats received CCl4 (1 ml/kg ip) followed 6 hr later by tryptophan (300 mg/kg) and/or cysteine (950 mg/kg) via stomach tube and rats were killed after 24 hr. Treatment with tryptophan, cysteine, or both reduced the degree of hepatic necrosis observed histologically. While CCl4 caused polyribosomal disaggregation and decreased [14C]leucine incorporation into liver proteins in vitro and in vivo, treatment with tryptophan, cysteine, or both caused a shift in polyribosomes toward heavier aggregation and protein synthesis was increased. Serum activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase were markedly increased after CCl4 alone but after subsequent treatment with cysteine or with tryptophan and cysteine appreciable decreases occurred. Glutathione concentration decreased but total amount remained constant in the livers of CCl4-treated rats while subsequent treatment with cysteine alone or together with tryptophan elevated both levels of glutathione. Using isolated hepatocytes, CCl4 caused decreases in cell viability, in release of LDH, and in [14C]leucine incorporation into protein. Treatment with CCl4 and tryptophan and/or cysteine revealed that cysteine alone or with tryptophan improved cell viability and decreased LDH release of the cells, while tryptophan alone or with cysteine improved protein synthesis. Upon cytologic evaluation, the isolated hepatocytes revealed membrane distortions after CCl4 alone but these were less marked after CCl4 plus tryptophan, cysteine, or both (most improvement). Thus, tryptophan and cysteine act in a beneficial manner against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in the rat.
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PMID:Protective effect of tryptophan and cysteine against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. 406 14

The mechanism of ammonia assimilation in Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was documented by analysis of enzyme activities, 13NH3 incorporation studies, and comparison of growth and enzyme activity levels in continuous culture. Glutamate accounted for 65 and 52% of the total amino acids in the soluble pools of M. barkeri and M. thermoautotrophicum. Both organisms contained significant activities of glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase. Hydrogen-reduced deazaflavin-factor 420 or flavin mononucleotide but not NAD, NADP, or ferredoxin was used as the electron donor for glutamate synthase in M. barkeri. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was not detected in either organism, but alanine dehydrogenase activity was present in M. thermoautotrophicum. The in vivo activity of the glutamine synthetase was verified in M. thermoautotrophicum by analysis of 13NH3 incorporation into glutamine, glutamate, and alanine. Alanine dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity varied in response to [NH4+] when M. thermoautotrophicum was cultured in a chemostat with cysteine as the sulfur source. Alanine dehydrogenase activity and growth yield (grams of cells/mole of methane) were highest when the organism was cultured with excess ammonia, whereas growth yield was lower and glutamine synthetase was maximal when ammonia was limiting.
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PMID:Ammonia assimilation and synthesis of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate in Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. 612 78

Injectable progestogen, norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN, 200 mg/ml at 60 day intervals), was administered to 150 women for 2 years as their method of contraception. Blood levels of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, acetylcholinesterase (AChe), sialic acid were determined in all subjects to ascertain whether NET-EN therapy causes any adverse metabolic effect or damage to the functional status of the liver. NET-EN contraception did not alter the liver function enzymes but there is a significant increase (P0.001) in AChE activity after 2 years. Serum sialic acid level showed a transient increase up to 1 year, which however returned to control level later. The mechanism responsible for these changes and whether the rise in sialic acid and AChE activity are related to any pathological condition remain unclear at this stage.
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PMID:Studies on some enzymes and sialic acid during progestational contraceptive therapy. 646 44

The effect of nickel on cadmium nephro-toxicity and hepato-toxicity in rats was investigated. The administration of nickel (6 mg per kg, i.p., three days) or cadmium (6 mg per kg, i.m., once) significantly enhanced the urinary excretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), amino acids, and proteins. In addition, it increased the activity of serum ALP, GOT, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT). These biochemical alterations in urine and serum were used as a measure of kidney and liver damage. Cadmium-induced enzymuria, proteinuria, amino aciduria and increase in the activity of serum enzymes were significantly less marked in animals pretreated with nickel than in controls. However, the accumulation of cadmium in kidneys and liver and its urinary excretion were unaffected by nickel pretreatment. The results suggest protection by nickel against cadmium nephro- and hepato-toxicity.
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PMID:Preventive effects of nickel on cadmium hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. 647 83

Four white Fulani calves were splenectomized and experimentally infected with Babesia bigemina by allowing about 2000 freshly hatched infective larvae of Boophilus decoloratus to feed on them. Blood samples were collected to determine serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels. A significant rise in the level of alkaline phosphatase for up to two weeks was observed. There were also increases in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase levels although the level fell after about three weeks. A high increase in the total and unconjugated bilirubin was also observed. There appeared to be no significant increase in these enzymes and in bilirubin in intact cattle on which infected larvae fed and in splenectomised cattle without.
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PMID:Enzyme and bilirubin reactions in bovine babesiosis. 651 73

Three hundred 18-day-old male chicks (Arbor Acre) were divided into five groups of 60 each and given high-protein (42.28%), high-calcium (3.37%), urea-containing (5%), vitamin-A-deficient, or control diets to study the effect of nutritional imbalances on the development of nephritis and related biochemical changes over 15 weeks. The first four diets increased the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, uric acid, and nonprotein nitrogen in serum. Blood urea was increased by only the urea diet. Hypoglycemia and a decrease in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase were also observed in chicks fed the first four diets. The vitamin-A-deficient diet resulted in a depletion of vitamin A in the liver and kidneys. These changes were directly correlated with the prolonged feeding of experimental diets and also with the severity of nephritis and degenerative changes in various organs. It was concluded that increasing the intake of nitrogen or calcium in order to increase production may in fact have the opposite effect, leading to degenerative changes in various tissues and to nephritis.
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PMID:Renal and biochemical changes produced in broilers by high-protein, high-calcium, urea-containing, and vitamin-A-deficient diets. 672 91


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