Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The electrophoretic mobility of several enzymes was studied in the embryos and early larvae of the hybrids between the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) and the aquarial cyprinids and cobitids (Acanthophthalmus). The cytosol aspartate aminotransferase is represented by one protein with the same mobility at all developmental stages both in the loach and in the hybrids. Malate dehydrogenase manifests four bands of isozymes which suffer no changes during the development. The electrophoretic profile of lactate dehydrogenase remains constant (10 isozymes) until hatching, but only 5 isozymes are found in the 5 days old larvae. Similar changes occur in the Misgurnus X Acanthophthalmus hybrids. The nonspecific esterases are represented by several proteins with different activities; their number increases after hatching. In the oocytes and adult specimens of Acanthophthalmus a characteristic and very active esterase was found which is absent in the loach. In the Misgurnus X Acanthophthalmus hybrids this esterase appears prior to the hatching and its activity later increases. Thus, the expression of the gene of one esterase begins in the end of embryogenesis.
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PMID:[Expression of genes controlling esterases during the embryonic development of hybrid fish]. 90 50

Fifteen Slovak Merino sheep were included in the experiment. The animals weighing 21-28 kg were divided into three groups per five animals. In a six-week feeding experiment the animals of group I were given 50 mg supermethrin per kg live weight per day while those of group II received 200, and from week four of the experiment 300 mg supermethrin per kg live weight per day. During the experiment changes of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), acetylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.7), urea und creatinine levels in blood serum were observed. Six weeks after supermethrin treatment the sheep were slaughtered and histochemical evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and non-specific esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) was carried out in liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. In the course of the experiment changes of the enzymatic activities of aspartate aminotransferase observed in both experimental groups of sheep were similar to those seen in the control group of animals (Tab. I). As compared to the starting values, no significant changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase were observed in group II of the experiment and in the controls. However, a significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase activity could be seen in the blood serum of sheep of group I (Tab. II). In both experimental groups of animals no significant changes in the acetylcholine esterase could be seen (Tab. III). As compared to the starting values, no significant changes were observed in creatinine levels of the control and the 1st experimental group of sheep (Tab. IV). In the sheep of the 2nd group a temporary significant decrease (p < 0.05) in creatinine levels was seen. The dynamics of urea levels was similar to starting values in all animals throughout the experiment Tab. V). In the control group of animals (Fig. 1) the high density of reaction product of alkaline phosphatase was determined in the microvilli of enterocytes of the small intestine. In the small intestine of the animals of both experimental groups, the activity of this enzyme was shown to be located in the same zone (Fig. 2). In all experimental animals in the parenchyma of the liver and kidney no significant changes could be observed. In both experimental and control animals the high activity of acid phosphatase was demonstrated to be located especially in the cytoplasma of enterocytes. The activity of non-specific esterase was located in the cytoplasma of enterocytes of the small intestine, in the intestinal crypts its activity was slight up to high.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Biochemical aspects of the toxic effects of Supermethrin and the histochemical activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase in subchronic poisoning in sheep]. 129 70

Molecular mass, Stoke's radius, frictional coefficient and isomer-type of non-denatured proteins can be obtained by time-dependent gradient gel electrophoresis by evaluating the resulting data using a two-step mathematical procedure. Provided a histochemical staining procedure is available to locate the position of an enzyme in the gel, crude cell extracts can be used for estimating their molecular size properties. The computation of molecular properties of non-denatured proteins is demonstrated for isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.42) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) from current-year needles of spruce. The resulting data as well as those which were calculated for esterase (EC 3.1.1.1), glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4), isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.42), and shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25) are in accordance with those reported in the literature. The method described may be applied to various scientific areas such as genetics or environmental pollution. It could be shown here that current-year needles of injured spruce (damage class 3) contained two more peroxidase isozymes and one more glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozyme than those from non-injured trees. These differences may mark two genotypes of spruce of different susceptibilities towards present-day air and soil pollutants.
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PMID:Determination of molecular mass, Stokes' radius, frictional coefficient and isomer-type of non-denatured proteins by time-dependent pore gradient gel electrophoresis. 323 69

Removal of the corpora allata from the emerging female adults of L. grandis caused a rapid and significant increase in the contents of total carbohydrate, glycogen, total lipids, cholesterol, total proteins and RNA in the fat body, and a significant drop in the contents of trehalose free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids, free amino acids (FAA) and also in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and exterase in the fat body, in comparison with the sham-operated controls. Treatment with juvenile hormone analogue (JHa) of the allatectomized insects significantly reverses the effects produced by allatectomy (P less than or equal to 0.01). Similarly, removal of the brain produced similar responses in the fat-body but with some exceptions such as the decrease of total protein and RNA and increase significant of FAA as compared to the sham-operated controls. Simultaneous removal of corpora-allata and brain produces a rapid increase in the contents of total carbohydrate, glycogen, total lipid, cholesterol, FAA and the activity of acid phosphatase in comparison with all other treatments performed in this study, while the contents of trehalose, phospholipid, FFA, total protein, RNA and the activity of GOT, GPT, general esterase and alkaline phosphatase in the fat-body decreased compared to all other treatments. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the neuro-endocrine control of metabolism in insects.
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PMID:Role of corpora-allata and brain of adult female Lohita grandis gray. 370 75

Three previously described electrophoretic phenotypes of mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOTM) in horse leukocytes are shown to be controlled by two codominant alleles at a single autosomal locus. The GOTM locus is linked to the serum esterase locus (Es), as no recombination between these loci was observed among 16 informative offspring in one sire family. The results assign GOTM to equine linkage group (LG) II. The hypothesis that a part of LG II (e-Es) shares homologies with mouse chromosome 8 is thus confirmed, as the murine homologue of GOTM is located within the cluster of esterase loci on chromosome 8. The assumed homology also involves rabbit LG VI, rat LG V, and human chromosome 16. The observation is a striking example of the conservation of linkage relationships between mammalian species.
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PMID:Linkage of the equine serum esterase (Es) and mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOTM) loci. A horse-mouse homology. 663 Sep 98

Phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester (EPN) is one of the 10 most frequently used organophosphorus insecticides and causes delayed neurotoxicity in adult chickens and mallards. Small amounts of organophosphorus insecticides placed on birds' eggs are embryotoxic and teratogenic. For this reason, the effects of topical egg application on EPN were examined on mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) embryo development. Mallard eggs were treated topically at 72 hr of incubation with 25 microliter of a nontoxic oil vehicle or with EPN in the vehicle at concentrations of approximately 12, 36, or 108 micrograms/g egg, equivalent to one, three, and nine times the agricultural level of application used to spray crops. Treatment with EPN resulted in 22 to 44% mortality over this dose range by 18 days of development compared with 4 and 5% for untreated and vehicle-treated controls. EPN impaired embryonic growth and was highly teratogenic: 37-42% of the surviving embryos at 18 days were abnormal with cervical and axial scoliosis as well as severe edema. Brain weights were significantly lower in EPN-treated groups at different stages of development including hatchlings. Brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity was inhibited by as much as 91% at 11 days, 81% at 18 days, and 79% in hatchlings. Examination of brain NTE activity during the course of normal development revealed an increase of nearly sixfold from Day 11 through hatching. The most rapid increase occurred between Day 20 and hatching. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was inhibited by as much as 41% at 11 days, 47% at 18 days, and 20% in hatchlings. Plasma cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities were inhibited and plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased at one or more stages of development. Hatchlings from EPN-treated eggs were weaker and slower to right themselves. Histopathological examination did not reveal demyelination and axonopathy of the spinal cord that was characteristic of delayed neurotoxicity in adult birds.
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PMID:Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphonothioic acid-O-ethyl-O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development. 671 May 28

To evaluate genetic variability in two populations of the wild quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, proteins and enzymes were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Rare variants so far not observed in domestic quail were found in the following five enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase, acid phosphatase, pancreatic esterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P poly) and the expected average heterozygosity (H) in one of the two populations were estimated to be 0.484 (15/31) and 0.085, respectively. Those in another population were 0.433 (13/30) and 0.086, respectively. The genetic distance (Nei, 1975) between the two wild quail populations was D = 0.0074. D values of 0.0321 and 0.0189 were estimated between the laboratory quail population previously examined (Kimura et al., 1982) and each of these two wild populations.
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PMID:Protein polymorphism in two populations of the wild quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. 674 11

Cultures of adult rabbit hepatocytes have been used to study the early toxic effects of 2 model hepatotoxins, dimethylnitrosamine and allyl alcohol. Leakage of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase into the cell culture medium was a sensitive indicator of plasma membrane damage by these compounds and a dose-response relationship was observed. By contrast, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were insensitive markers. The effects of dimethylnitrosamine were slower to develop. Dimethylnitrosamine also produced a dose-related inhibition of protein synthesis after 4 h, a decrease in NADPH diaphorase and an increase in non-specific esterase after 20 h. Dimethylnitrosamine, unlike allyl alcohol, caused extensive disruption of ribosome association with the endoplasmic reticulum.
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PMID:The effects of dimethylnitrosamine and allyl alcohol on primary maintenance cultures of adult rabbit hepatocytes. 689 38

A biochemical system was devised to identify aneuploids of Nicotiana tabacum. Leaf tissue from 6 nullihaploids, 4 nullisomics, and 10 monosomics was analyzed electrophoretically on slab acrylamide gels. The staining systems used were for peroxidase, esterase, superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Nullihaploids and nullisomics could be distinguished from each other and from haploid or disomic types by their unique isozyme banding patterns. The banding patterns of the monosomics closely resembled those of the disomic. Morphologically similar aneuploids from different populations had similar isozyme banding patterns.
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PMID:Identification of aneuploids in Nicotiana tabacum by isozyme banding patterns. 711 87

Allelic heterogeneity within protein electromorphs at three loci was examined in populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) collected from five localities across North America. We used a variety of electrophoretic techniques (including several starch and acrylamide conditions, gel-sieving, and isoelectric focusing) plus heat denaturation. Of particular interest was the supernatant glutamate oxalate transaminase system (GOT-1; aspartate aminotransferase-1 of some authors), which under standard electrophoretic conditions had been shown to exhibit basically a two-allele polymorphism throughout the range of maniculatus. The use of all of the above techniques failed to uncover any additional variation for GOT-1 in these populations. Similarly, no new scorable variation was resolved at the essentially monomorphic malate dehydrogenase-1 locus by additional conditions of electrophoresis. In marked contrast to the results for the above two enzymes, the use of multiple conditions of electrophoresis resolved the 8 standard-condition electromorphs of esterase-1 into a total of 23 variants showing strong geographic differentiation in frequency. These 23 electromorphs were further divided into a total of 35 variants by thermal stability studies. However, the allelic nature of all of the thermal stability esterase variants remains to be documented. The results of this study, taken together with the remarkable geographic heterogeneity for this species in ecology, morphology, karyotype and mitochondrial DNA sequence, suggest that some form of balancing selection may be acting to maintain the GOT-1 polymorphism.
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PMID:An assessment of "hidden" heterogeneity within electromorphs at three enzyme loci in deer mice. 715 46


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