Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The effects of protein concentration and ionic strength on the adsorption of the individual glycolytic enzymes to F-actin and F-actin--trypomyosin--troponin have been studied. 2. Appreciable association was demonstrated under conditions of physiological ionic strength and high protein concentration, and tropomyosin--troponin established as an important and generalized component of these interactions. 3. Phosphofructokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase were strongly bound under these conditions, while triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and hexokinase displayed less adsorption to the structural proteins. 4. The influence of a number of parameters on the adsorption phenomena was examined. Ca2+ and fructose 1,6-diphosphate increased the adsorption of aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase, while decreasing the adsorption of the enzymes of the constant-proportion group. 5. Of the other major enzymic components of skeletal muscle, creatine kinase, adenylate kinase and malate dehydrogenase showed no adsorption to F-actin--tropomyosin--troponin under the experimental conditions. Some adsorption was evident, however, in the case of aspartate aminotransferase, (NADP) isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. 6. These results have been discussed in relation to their functional significance and the roles of enzyme compartmentation in the cell.
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PMID:On the association of glycolytic enzymes with structural proteins of skeletal muscle. 111 88

A total of 407 Leishmania and other Leishmania-like isolates obtained from patients, other vertebrates, sand fly vectors, and other arthropods from Kenya and other countries were characterized and compared with several World Health Organization and other well-characterized reference strains of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Crithidia, Herpetomonas, and Leptomonas by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE), using 20 enzyme systems. Analysis of the isoenzyme banding patterns (IBP) of the isolates generated isoenzyme profiles that were resolved as zymodemes and tabulated. Isolates that produced similar isoenzyme profiles in all 20 enzyme systems were placed into a particular Leishmania isoenzyme taxon, with the zymodeme designated numerically as Zn. A total of 66 zymodemes were recorded for the 407 isolates studied. To obviate the need to draw all 66 representative IBP for each of the 20 enzyme systems, the 66 zymodemes (Z1-Z66) were again placed into similarity groups represented by pattern number or Pn. This resulted in 23-50 IBP (Pn) per enzyme system. The highest number of IBP scored was for malate dehydrogenase (MDH) (P1-50) and the lowest score was for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) (P1-23). From these different isoenzyme profiles or zymodemes, IBP of 14 (MDH, GPI, nucleoside hydrolase, phosphoglucomutase, malic enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transferase/aspartate aminotransferase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, fumarase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) of the 20 enzyme systems were selected for computer-calculated numerical taxonomy. Consistent individual isoenzyme bands with similar relative mobilities of the 14 enzyme systems were scored into groups (allelomorphs, allozymes, or electromorphs) and used in cluster analysis. For each pattern in every profile, the presence of a consistent band was entered as 1 and its absence as 0. A total of 419 allozyme characters (variables) were scored for the 14 enzyme systems. Lastly, all different zymodemes sharing a particular IBP (Pn) within an enzyme system were counted and the total number was shown as a zymodeme frequency (Zf). Final analysis of the CAE isoenzyme profiles and cluster-dendrograms resulted in the identification of several potentially new species and subspecies of Leishmania and other Leishmania-like isolates from patients, sand flies, and animal reservoir hosts collected from Kenya and other locations in Africa. Zymodeme analysis of the Kenyan visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis isolates resulted in the identification of 11 subpopulations of the L. donovani species complex and six subpopulations of the L. tropica species complex endemic to different geographic areas of Kenya.
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PMID:Biochemical characterization and zymodeme classification of Leishmania isolates from patients, vectors, and reservoir hosts in Kenya. 147 44

As part of a series of epidemiological and ecological studies of leishmaniasis in Jordan, we have made functional studies of four isolates from human lesions and from ear lesions of three field-collected Psammomys obesus. Primary isolates were subcultured, frozen stabilates prepared and BALB/c mouse infectivity experiments initiated. Each mouse was inoculated with 4-8 x 10(4) promastigotes into a hind footpad. Quantitative evaluation of the footpads showed enlargement three to four weeks postinoculation. Amastigotes were readily identified in smears from footpad lesions and promastigotes in culture. At 47 days, liver and spleen samples grew out promastigotes. Biochemical characterization of these seven isolates was made by isozyme analysis using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis of fructokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Reference isolates used for comparison were Leishmania major, L. tropica minor, L. donovani, L. aethiopica and L. m. mexicana. All seven Jordan isolates showed enzyme electromorphs identical to L. major, confirming our ecological/epidemiological studies that P. obesus is a major reservoir for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Jordan.
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PMID:Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Jordan: biochemical identification of human and Psammomys obesus isolates as Leishmania major. 304 29

We determined the enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum from 23 normal controls, 27 anti-HIV seropositive individuals confirmed by Western blot, and 53 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is a significant difference for all four enzyme activities among controls, HIV seropositive individuals, and patients with AIDS, the enzyme activities showing a progressive increase as the disease progresses. Evidently these enzyme measurements may be adjunctive biochemical markers for progression of AIDS.
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PMID:Enzyme abnormalities of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 319 6

The high degree of constancy of enzyme catalytic activity in the plasma of a given individual is regulated by a complex system of flux equilibria consisting of eight basic processes. Some of these processes are of primarily theoretic importance. Enzymes from all tissues of the body, including the liver, are released via a continuous physiological process into the interstitial space and get into the intravascular space by way of lymphatic transport. The release of enzymes from tissues directly into the intravascular space is of secondary importance as is the exchange of enzyme molecules across capillary membranes from the intravascular to the interstitial space and vice versa. In contrast, enzymes from circulating blood cells are transported directly into the intravascular space. Enzymes are removed from the intravascular space at rates which vary greatly between both enzymes and species. In a review of the literature, half-lives of diagnostically important enzymes in plasma of man, dogs and rats were given and the striking differences in the results for a given enzyme are discussed from a methodological point of view. In a mathematical analysis, data for lymphatic transport of enzymes from dogs and rats (Lindena et al. (1986) this J. 24, 19-33) and of enzyme efflux from in vivo ageing erythrocytes (Lindena et al. (1986) this J. 24, 49-59) into the plasma are related to the elimination rate constants of enzymes from the plasma. The contribution of lymphatically transported enzymes to the basal catalytic activity in plasma (Lindena & Trautschold (1986) this J. 24, 11-18) amounts to 55-80% for lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, 80-90% for adenylate kinase and phosphohexose isomerase, 90-95% for aspartate aminotransferase and aldolase and 99% for creatine kinase. A model of Ca2+ -mediated vesicular transport of enzymes out of ageing erythrocytes is proposed. The importance of lymphatically transported enzymes to total plasma catalytic activity in dogs and rats argues for a similar contribution of lymph transport in man.
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PMID:Kinetic of adjustment of enzyme catalytic concentrations in the extracellular space of the man, the dog and the rat. Approach to a quantitative diagnostic enzymology, V. Communication. 351 20

Immunochemical techniques with enzymes as the antigen have grown in frequency during the last few years. These techniques have allowed evaluation of enzymes in the presence of endogenous inhibitors. Among those enzymes measured by immunochemical techniques and which have found diagnostic application, mention will be made of alkaline phosphatase (with particular reference to the intestinal, placental, and Regan isoenzymes), lactate dehydrogenase (in which renewed interest has developed due to techniques for specifically measuring the LD-1 isoenzyme), aspartate aminotransferase (of which the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms can now be independently measured by immunochemical techniques), acid phosphatase (for which a specific immunochemical assay for the prostatic enzyme has been widely introduced in diagnostic laboratories), and creatine kinase (for which a variety of immunochemical techniques to measure the M- and B-subunits are now part of standard laboratory assays). Other enzymes which will be discussed in this review include phosphohexose isomerase, amylase, ribonuclease, and lysozyme (muramidase). Finally, the use of enzymes, particularly asparaginase, in the chemotherapy of cancer will be outlined.
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PMID:Immunoassay of enzymes--an overview. 634 26

The significance of changes in lymph flow for the extracellular distribution and transport of cellular enzymes and for the level of enzyme activities in plasma was investigated. Specimens of thoracic duct lymph were obtained from an extracorporal lymph shunt in anaesthetized, conscious resting and treadmill exercising dogs (6 km X h-1 for 1 h) The activity of 10 enzymes and of protein content in lymph and plasma were studied, as well as lymph flow, lymphatic transport, and the lymph-plasma ratio of these compounds. Lactate, pH, and blood gases were monitored in venous blood. Lymph flow of 0.80 ml X min-1 in anaesthetized dogs more than doubled (to 1.86 ml X min-1) when the animals were conscious and resting. In anaesthetized dogs lymph enzyme activity was higher only for enzymes of predominately hepatic origin, such as choline esterase (CHE) and alanine aminoferase (ALAT), and was lower for aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and aldolase (ALD). In conscious dogs, due to activation of the skeletal muscle "tissue pump", lymphatic transport of enzymes with rather high activity in skeletal muscle, and of protein, is significantly enhanced. Enzyme activities in plasma, however, did not differ between the groups. Lymph-plasma activity ratios higher than one were found for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), ASAT, creatine kinase (CK), ALD, and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI). Exercise stimulated lymph flow up to 4.9 ml X min-1, and increased the lymphatic activities of those enzymes with a lymph-plasma ratio higher than unity, these enzymes increasing in the plasma due to the highly increased lymphatic transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Enzyme activities in thoracic duct lymph and plasma of anaesthetized, conscious resting and exercising dogs. 642 59

Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis is the gold standard for identification of Leishmania species and strains. Drawbacks include: only amino acid polymorphisms affecting electrophoretic mobility are detected; distinct allozymes can have coincident mobilities; few characters are available; and parasites must be cultured in bulk. So far, thousands of Leishmania strains have been phenotyped by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Here, we sequence enzyme-coding genes to provide a PCR-based higher resolution equivalent of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, particularly for Leishmania infantum. Of 15 enzymes used for multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MON typing) we have sequenced aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, nucleoside hydrolase 1, nucleoside hydrolase 2 and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Heterozygous alleles were common, with multiple heterozygous sites within a single locus for several of the genes. Haplotypes were resolved by allele-specific PCR and allele-specific sequencing. Heterozygous haplotypes conformed to the haplotypes of putative parents. One strain appeared to be hybrid across two genetic groups of the Leishmania donovani complex. In most cases, a single amino acid polymorphism was responsible for change in enzyme mobility. Some indistinguishable phenotypes were produced by distinct genotypes. Silent genetic polymorphisms provided enhanced discrimination over multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, for example, by subdividing the zymodeme MON-1. The PCR-based genotyping that we describe could be applied directly to clinical samples or to small volume cultures and in a multilocus sequence typing format. Furthermore, it can be used to detect recombination indirectly and for population genetics studies.
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PMID:Towards multilocus sequence typing of the Leishmania donovani complex: resolving genotypes and haplotypes for five polymorphic metabolic enzymes (ASAT, GPI, NH1, NH2, PGD). 1672 43

Twelve populations of Heterodera glycines from the United States (8), China (2), Japan (1), and Colombia (1) were surveyed for phenotypic intraspecific variability in 42 enzyme systems. Activity of 20 enzymes was detected following isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels of extracts from mass homogenates and single females. Five enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase, phosphoglucose isomerase, alpha- and beta-esterases, and hexokinase were the most useful for detecting intraspecific variability. Phenotypic variability between single females was best demonstrated with alpha- and beta-esterases and acid phosphatase enzyme systems. These results suggest that isoelectric focusing in conjunction with sensitive enzyme systems can be used to detect phenotypic variation between individual nematodes from the same population. The unusual phenotypic variability detected in the H. glycines population from Virginia indicates that the genetic diversity of this population is complex.
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PMID:Detection of Intraspecific Diversity of Heterodera glycines Using Isozyme Phenotypes. 1929 Jan 82

Enzyme electrophoresis was used to compare the isozyme phenotypes of Oryza sativa, IR31917 (AA genome), and two O. minuta accessions (Om 101089 and Om101141; BBCC genome) for ten enzyme systems. Between the two species, two systems were monomorphic (isocitrate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase) and eight were polymorphic (shikimate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, esterase, aminopeptidase, and endopeptidase). Polymorphism between O. minuta accessions was detected for shikimate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetate. As expected, the quaternary structure of the O. minuta isozymes was comparable to that of O. sativa. Possible allelic relationships with known O. sativa alleles and their genomic designation are discussed. Combined with chromosome data, the interspecific variation was exploited to monitor the relative genetic contribution of the two parents in the IR31917/Om101141 F1 hybrids and recurrent (IR31917) backcross progenies. The isozyme content of F1 hybrid reflected its triploid nature (ABC genome composition), while that of the backcross progenies paralleled the duplication of the A genome and the gradual loss of O. minuta chromosomes during the backcrossing process. Evidence is provided for a degree of homoeology between the A, B, and C genomes, and for introgression from O. minuta into O. sativa.
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PMID:Comparative studies of isozymes in Oryza sativa, O. minuta, and their interspecific derivatives: evidence for homoeology and recombination. 2419 Mar 57


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