Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Withholding iron dextran treatment normally given to pigs at 1-3 days of age to prevent anemia resulted also in neutropenia. Polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) at 0.5 mg/kg IV at 25 days of age resulted in induction of putative interferon 2 to 24 hours later, with significantly (P less than 0.05) lower concentrations in iron-deficient (Fe-) female pigs than in iron-supplemented (Fe+) female pigs. Poly I:C caused several transient toxic manifestations, including elevations in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, potassium (K), total bilirubin and phosphorus (P), marked leukopenia (both neutropenia and lymphopenia), and declines in serum albumin, calcium, cholesterol, glucose and globulin. Certain blood chemistries before poly I:C were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) different: albumin, globulin, cholesterol and K were higher in females than in males; albumin, globulin, glucose, P and K were higher in Fe- than in Fe+ pigs; and total carbon dioxide was higher in Fe+ than in Fe- pigs.
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PMID:Effects of poly I:C in porcine iron deficient neutropenia. 241 Jan 86

To contribute to our understanding of nitrogen metabolism in the developing chick we have studied in liver, intestine and yolk sac membrane the ontogeny of both aspartate- and alanine transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase, adenylate deaminase, glutamine synthetase and xanthine dehydrogenase activities. Liver enzyme activities were much higher than those of the same enzymes in intestine and yolk sac membrane, the latter having the lowest activities. In the liver, both alanine transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase increased their activity just before hatching, xanthine dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase develop their highest activity just after hatching, while aspartate transaminase and adenylate deaminase attained the highest levels just with adulthood. From the pattern of enzyme activity in yolk sac membrane and intestine it can be inferred that after hatching, the amino-acid metabolism in these tissues is considerably enhanced, with higher production of ammonia from amino acids, as indicated by the rise in adenylate deaminase, as well as increased potentiality in production of both alanine and glutamine. It can be concluded that hatching coincides with a deep change of pace in amino-acid metabolism in the organs studied fully comparable with that observed in Mammals at the end of lactation, with the difference that the adaptation to the new diet in the case of the chick is much more sudden than weaning is for the rat.
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PMID:Amino-acid metabolism enzyme activities in the liver, intestine and yolk sac membrane of developing domestic fowl. 243 52

It was shown in Wistar male rats that the development of tourniquet shock was followed by an increase of proteolytic activity in the blood by 3 times, activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 3 times, that of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 6 times, contents of urea and residual nitrogen by 2.5-3 times; level of alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) decreased by 4 times and that of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2MG) by 2.5 times. At administration of contrykal (10,000 U/kg) proteolytic activity increased only by 32.5%, content of alpha 1-PI decreased only by 10-20% and level of alpha 2-MG did not differ from that in healthy animals. Activity of AST and ALT remained high, and contents of urea and residual nitrogen were near-normal.
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PMID:[Effect of kontrikal on the dynamics of proteolytic system indices in postischemic toxemia]. 243 73

The toxicity of L-canavanine was investigated because of its demonstrated potential as an antitumor drug. This natural product was only slightly toxic to Sprague-Dawley rats following a single sc injection: the LD50 was 5.9 +/- 1 8 g/kg in adult rats and 5.0 +/- 1.0 g/kg in 10-day-old rats. Following a single dose of 2.0 g/kg, the systemic clearance value for canavanine in adult rats was 0.114 liter/hr, the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.154 liter, and the half-life was 1.56 hr. Forty-eight percent of the dose was excreted unaltered in the urine following an iv injection, and 16% of a sc dose was recovered in the urine. Bioavailability of a 2.0 g/kg sc dose was 72%. Single oral doses of canavanine were less toxic to adult rats than sc injections. Bioavailability of a 2.0 g/kg po dose was 43%, and only 1% of the administered canavanine was recovered in the urine. Twenty-one percent of the administered canavanine remained in the gastrointestinal tract 24 hr after an oral dose. Less than 1% of a 2.0 g/kg dose of L-[guanidinooxy-14C]canavanine was incorporated into the proteins of adult and neonatal rats 4 or 24 hr following administration. Repeated sc administration of canavanine resulted in more severe toxicity. Weight loss and alopecia were observed in rats given daily sc canavanine injections for 7 days. Food intake was decreased by 80% in adult rats subjected to this dosing regimen, but returned to normal after canavanine injections were terminated. Histological studies of tissues from adult rats treated with 3.0 g/kg canavanine daily for 6 days revealed pancreatic acinar cell atrophy and fibrosis. Serum amylase and lipase levels were elevated following one sc injection of 2.0 g/kg canavanine; after three daily injections both serum enzymes were depleted. Elevations in serum glucose and urea nitrogen, and depletion of cholesterol, were observed. The most significant changes were severe attenuations of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activity.
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PMID:Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the nonprotein amino acid L-canavanine in the rat. 244 82

Management of corneal neovascularization by photocoagulation has been limited and rarely successful. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the novel technique of photothrombosis to occlude corneal neovascularization. Sixteen rabbit corneas with previous ocular surface wounds that had healed with 360 degrees extensive neovascularization (persistent for 20 months) were used. After an intravenous injection of rose bengal solution (40 mg/kg of body weight [BW]), each vessel on the upper half of the cornea was occluded with a photochemically induced thrombus within ten shots of argon laser irradiation (514.5 nm, 130 mW, 63 microns, 0.2 s); those on the lower half were used as an internal control. Throughout the four-month study period, the treated vessels remained occluded, as evidenced by corneal fluorescein angiography. Corneal clarity was improved after treatment. A single injection of rose bengal at a dose of 8 mg/kg of BW or higher was sufficient for successful photothrombotic occlusion of corneal vessels within one hour of experimentation. Transient elevations of serum urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels and decrease of serum phosphorus level were noted on the first day after injection with 40 mg/kg of BW of rose bengal solution.
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PMID:Photothrombosis of corneal neovascularization by intravenous rose bengal and argon laser irradiation. 245 9

Oral bropirimine (an immunomodulator shown to induce interferon) was administered to timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats in five experiments utilizing several different dosing schedules. Concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of bropirimine were used. Interferon levels were determined in maternal serum, spleen, and whole embryo extracts and uterine contents were evaluated for survival of the embryos. Maternal toxicity occurred in all experiments as evidenced by dose-related decreases in body weight during the first 24 hr postdosing. Hematoxicology analyses of maternal serum revealed significant decreases in urea nitrogen, potassium, and albumin, along with increases in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and total bilirubin, in bropirimine-treated dams as compared to the vehicle controls. In addition, the means for maternal thymus weight decreased while the means for spleen weight increased with increasing concentration of bropirimine. As compared to the vehicle controls, interferon titers were high in maternal serum, maternal spleen, and, to a lesser extent, whole embryos, 2 hr postdosing, but had decreased or were below detectable levels 24 hr postdosing. Embryolethality was pronounced (increases in pre- and postimplantational loss) after a single dose (Gestation Day 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, or 10) of bropirimine, as well as after 7 or 8 consecutive days (Gestation Days 6-12 or 6-13) of treatment. Although embryotoxicity never occurred in these experiments in the absence of pronounced maternal toxicity, the pregnant dams never died as the result of bropirimine treatment, whereas the embryos frequently failed to survive.
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PMID:Bropirimine-induced embryolethality after oral administration to the pregnant rat. 247 83

A group of 30 female albino rats were exposed to mosquito-coil smoke, 8 hours a day, 6 days per week, for 6 months. Another group which was exposed to air served as control. At the end of the experiment, the enzyme activities, total protein and lecithin contents as well as cellular responses in the lung lavage between the control and smoke-exposed rats were compared. Morphological observations using scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the alveolar macrophages of smoke-exposed rats lost their typical ruffled membranes. They possessed small cytoplasmic processes on their smooth cell surfaces, small particles in phagolysosomes and mitochondria with a very electron-dense matrix. The levels of total protein and lecithin and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the lung-lavage fluid of smoke-exposed rats were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than those of the controls. Increases (P less than 0.05) of serum enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and aldolase, indicated damage of liver tissues, but the levels of serum urea and urea nitrogen remained at the control levels implying normal functions of the kidneys of the mosquito-coil smoke-exposed rats. The level of serum tri-iodothyronine also increased significantly (P less than 0.05), but thyroxine remained at the control level.
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PMID:Biochemical and cellular changes in bronchoalveolar lavaged samples from rats after inhalation of mosquito-coil smoke. 256 17

Activated macrophages convert L-arginine to citrulline and unstable nitrogen oxides that have cytotoxic properties. We recently have shown that the inhibition of protein synthesis in Kupffer cell (KC):hepatocyte (HC) coculture, following exposure to gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), is due to the metabolism of L-arginine by this cytotoxic pathway. Although this finding supports a role for activated KCs and the L-arginine-dependent mechanism in the HC dysfunction seen in sepsis, it and previous studies have failed to demonstrate direct damage to HCs by adjacent KCs. The current study was undertaken to determine if KCs exposed to lipopolysaccharide could directly damage HCs and, if so, whether the damage was dependent on the metabolism of L-arginine. By using the release of aspartate aminotransferase as a marker of HC damage, it was found that a significant aspartate aminotransferase release by KC:HC cocultures in response to lipopolysaccharide occurred only if L-arginine was present. In addition, requirements for significant aspartate aminotransferase release included KC:HC ratios of 7.5:1 or greater and L-arginine concentrations of 1 mmol or more. Although the KC-induced damage was mild, these results show that in vitro HC damage in KC:HC coculture does require the metabolism of L-arginine and supports a hypothesis that toxic L-arginine metabolites may contribute to liver cell damage in patients with sepsis.
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PMID:Kupffer cell cytotoxicity to hepatocytes in coculture requires L-arginine. 258 66

Water purification generates a variety of chlorinated contaminants, one of which is dichloromaleic acid (DCMA). Exposure to this compound is likely to occur in combination with other drinking water pollutants, some of which are hepatotoxic. This study was designed to examine the interactive effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a known hepatotoxin, with DCMA on liver and kidney function in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Administration of a single dose of DCMA (200-400 mg/kg, ip) caused modest dose-dependent increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and plasma urea nitrogen, as well as a marked depletion of nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH) in the liver, but not the kidney, by 24 hr. Pretreatment with inducers (phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene) or an inhibitor (SKF 525A) of cytochrome P-450 activity failed to alter the response observed with DCMA alone. Alterations in 24-hr urine volume, osmolality, and water consumption also were observed. DCMA-mediated changes in plasma urea nitrogen and NPSH were reduced in magnitude with coadministration of CCl4 (1 ml/kg, ip), while anticipated CCl4-induced increases in ALT and AST were reduced with coexposure to DCMA. Renal slice experiments indicated that DCMA-treated rats were less able to accumulate the organic anion p-aminohippurate (PAH), whereas DCMA had no effect on accumulation of the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA). The combination of CCl4 and DCMA produced only additive effects on organic ion accumulation. These results suggest hepatic interaction possibly related to the metabolism of CCl4 and DCMA, resulting in renal and hepatic toxicity diminished from that observed with exposure to either agent alone.
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PMID:Effect in the rat of the interaction of dichloromaleic acid and carbon tetrachloride on renal and hepatic function. 261 81

The health status of broilers fed diets with varying protein contents in the presence of ochratoxin A (OA) were evaluated using clinical-chemistry techniques for blood analysis. A completely randomized, 3 x 4 factorial design was utilized: 14, 18, 22, and 26% of dietary protein and 0, 2, and 4 mg/kg of OA. The broilers were raised to 3 wk of age, at which time blood was collected and various hematological parameters were evaluated. The serum was analyzed for various enzyme activities and for concentrations of metabolites and minerals using an automated, clinical-chemistry analyzer and an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer. Adding OA to the diets of broilers decreased the hemoglobin concentration, corpuscular volume, and the activity of serum alkaline and phosphatase but increased the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase. Adding protein to the diet increased the activity of the serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase. Adding OA to the diet of broilers decreased the concentrations of serum total protein, as well as the concentrations of albumen and cholesterol and increased the concentrations of serum creatinine and uric acid. The concentrations of serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, and triglyceride were increased by adding protein to the diet. The concentrations of calcium, potassium, and inorganic phosphorus in the serum decreased when OA was added to the diet; but the concentrations of calcium and potassium content in the serum increased along with dietary protein. A regression analysis suggested that dietary protein was synergistic toward OA with regard to the blood levels of cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Ochratoxin A and dietary protein. 2. Effects on hematology and various clinical chemistry measurements. 262 21


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